A basic summary of all the available methods of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) that can be used to combat the pest "Hemlock Woolly Adelgid" (Tsuga canadensis) which attacks the Eastern Hemlock tree.
Abstract This paper focuses on the ways to combat the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid. It goes into detail for all methods of IPM that are available, including chemical, cultural, and biological. There is also details about the Hemlock plant and the uses for them and why we need to save them from this adeglid.
Table Of Contents
Introduction
Adelges tsugae Information
Value and Use Impacts
Monitoring/Detection
IPM Methodologies ? Chemical Control
IPM Methodologies ? Cultural Control
IPM Methodologies ? Biological Control
Summary & Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendices
From the Paper "When you think of great trees for the landscape, one of the main ones you think of is the Eastern Hemlock. They are great for their ornamental aspects like drooping branches and delicate needles, their ability to get 60 to 70 feet tall and live for up to 600 years (Dirr 1998). According to Michael Dirr in his Manual of Woody Landscape Plants, Tsuga canadensis is "the most commonly planted of the hemlocks" and "one of our best evergreens" (Dirr 1998). If you have ever seen one of these plants, you really cannot argue with what Dirr has said."
Abstract This paper discusses the factors that regulate the population size of the lynx canadensis, the Canadian lynx that is common to boreal forests in nearly all of Canada, Alaska and the northern contiguous United States. It specifically looks at environmental, predation, competition and food availability factors. The paper includes graphs in its explanations.
From the Paper "When the hare population begins to increase, the Lynx population follows the trend, as there is more prey available to feed on. Once the point where there are more hares being killed than are being born is reached, the prey population begins to fall. Due to the decreasing food supply, the Lynx population begins to suffer and declines as well. This is crucial in understanding why the lynx species does not grow out of control or suffer extinction (King & Schaffer 2001). During the low cycle of the hare population, the Lynx switches to hunting red squirrels; this shows the adaptive capabilities of the lynx that prevent the species from going completely extinct. However, as the hare population begins to rebound, the Lynx return to the hare as its primary source of prey and the cycle begins again (O'Donoghue et. al. 1998). The Lynx shows clear functional responses to changes in the densities of hares. Kill rates of the lynx varied from 0.3 to 1.2 hares per day, with the highest kill rate being one year after the peak in hare density (King & Schaffer 2001). This cyclic concept is illustrated in Figure 2."
