Abstract
This paper explains that the origin of the dispute between the federal governments of Canada and the United States is the belief of U.S. lumber companies that lumber in some Canadian provinces, such as British Columbia, is subsidized by the lumber coming from Crown lands where its cost is cheaper than if it came from private lands. The author points out that, although Canada disputes this view, it accepted the Canada-US Softwood Lumber Agreement of 2006, which cancels any legal actions and duties with regard to the softwood lumber issue, as a way of resolving the trade problem and returning billions of dollars the U.S. government has claimed in duties over the past five years. The paper relates that the public interest group, the Forest Products Association of Canada (FPAC) did not advocate one policy to government but attempted to work with the government to create a "unified" approach, which best reflects the diverse interests of its member companies.

From the Paper
"Canada had a number of objectives in entering into the free trade agreements with the United States. In general, these different objectives may be grouped under the one overriding priority of the Canadian government, which was to secure open and unthreatened long-term access to the large U.S. market for Canadian exporters. This was an important issue for the Canadian government as Canadian industries in the last decades of the 20th century were growing increasingly dependent upon the United States as their primary export market."

Tags:duties, regional, responsibility, border, free

Abstract
This paper explains that, in the Canadian-U.S.A. softwood lumber dispute, Washington objected to the low Canadian lumber prices; whereas, the provinces of Canada saw their role as regulating lumbering so that the mainly Crown lands on which it takes place are maintained ecologically well. The author points out that the 2006 agreement removed the tariff on Canadian softwood, but also established export taxes that will kick into place should the price of lumber drop too low, thus preventing Canadian exporters from "dumping" or selling lumber in the United States at prices less than what goods cost to produce. The paper stresses that Canada like many Third World countries, is a raw material exporter, subjected to prices and rulings made elsewhere and with whole local or even national economies revolving around particular commodities and their related industries.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Canada's Objectives
The British Columbia Lumber Trade Council
Concluding Notes

From the Paper
"Critics said that there should be no duty paid by Canadian forestry companies, in the first place, that Americans either wanted to buy lumber that they could not produce in the United States to keep up with demand, or they did not. A Duke University expert on international economic law wrote that the 2005 negotiations that have gone before the present Softwood Lumber Agreement of 2006 involved Washington being made aware of having reacted too quickly to the earlier situation. Some Americans realized that they were on 'thin ice' in terms of the position taken against Canadian producers of lumber, by suddenly charging tariffs, in view of the NAFTA."

Tags:nafta, tariffs, globalization, materials, dumping

Abstract
The paper examines the proposed Softwood Lumber Agreement that was tentatively agreed between the federal government of Canada and the government of the United States in 2006 and explains that it is an effort to create a medium-term solution for an long-running trade dispute between the two countries. The paper explains that the origin of the dispute is the argument of US lumber companies that lumber in some Canadian provinces, such as British Columbia, is subsidized by the lumber coming from Crown lands where its cost is cheaper than if it came from private land.

From the Paper
"The proposed Softwood Lumber Agreement that was tentatively agreed between the federal government of Canada and the government of the United States in 2006 is an effort to create a medium-term solution for an long-running trade dispute between the two countries. The origin of the dispute is the argument of US lumber companies that lumber in some Canadian provinces, such as British Columbia, is subsidized by the lumber coming from Crown lands where its cost is cheaper than if it came from private land. Although Canada disputes this view, it agreed to the proposed deal as a..."

Tags:business, canada, context

Abstract
This paper consists of three fixed questions addressing the Canada-US softwood lumber dispute and the new 2006 Agreement. The paper addresses the different interests and functions of the provincial and federal governments, Canadian goals in joining NAFTA and what the softwood dispute seems to imply about how well it serves Cdn interests, and the BC Lumber Trade Council as an example of a public interest group both representing the lumbering industry and advising the BC and federal governments on how to proceed. This question also explores the impact of slowed lumbering and tariffs and the resolution to accept the 2006 agreement.

From the Paper
"The 2006 new Softwood Lumber Agreement between Canada and the United States will reflect the different interests of the provincial and federal governments as well as their different roles in implementing the Agreement. (Beg Et Al: 2003) The larger Canadian political environment that shapes the thinking of both the provincial and federal levels of government has to do with a still insecure feeling in Canada as its economy just managed to survive the 1990s Recession. Brean noted how this has influenced Canadian official reactions to new phenomena such as the..."

Tags:softwood lumber, dispute, public interest group

Abstract
The paper discusses the 2006 Softwood Lumber agreement between the United States and Canada, the latest stage in a controversy between the two countries and their respective lumber industries that has been continuing for decades. The paper explains that the core issue in the debate is a dispute over the stumpage fees that are charged Canadian companies who harvest lumber on Crown land.

From the Paper
"The 2006 Softwood Lumber agreement between the United States and Canada is the latest stage in a controversy between the two countries and their respective lumber industries that has been continuing for decades. The core issue in the debate is a dispute over the stumpage fees that are charged Canadian companies who harvest lumber on Crown land. American lumber producers see these fees as being too low, and in 2001 - with the expiration of the 1996 agreement - they lobbied the Bush administration to..."

Tags:canada, business, context

Abstract
This paper discusses the 2006 Softwood Lumber agreement between the United States and Canada. It describes the reasons for the agreement and its implications. The paper also discusses the different interests of the Canadian federal and provincial governments in terms of this agreement and their role in implementing the agreement. It then analyzes Canada's objectives in entering into the two free trade agreements with the United States (the FTA and NAFTA) and how it relates to the Softwood Lumber agreement. Finally the paper looks at the BC Lumbar Trade Council and its role in supporting Canadian interests in the Canada-US softwood lumber dispute.

Table of Contents:
Overview of the Softwood Lumber Agreement
Free Trade Agreements
The BC Lumbar Trade Council

From the Paper
"In this analysis, the advocacy strategy of the BCLTC is not only audacious but is also reflective of the nature of the proposed softwood lumber agreement and the importance of this agreement's structure to the lumber industry in British Columbia. The fact that the organization is willing to go to the extreme step of implying that its members would scuttle the agreement if they do not get what they want in subsequent drafts is political brinkmanship of the highest order. While this power and strategy is unusual for most Canadian interest groups, it is reflective of the complex and long-running nature of this dispute in British Columbia, as well as of the provincial industry's desire for long term stability in its trade with the United States."

Tags:policy, NAFTA, FTA, BCLTC

Abstract
This paper discusses the 1996 Canada-US Softwood Lumber agreement. It describes the terms of the agreement and the differing interests of the federal and provincial governments in the agreement. The paper then looks at the differing roles that the federal and provincial governments play in implementing the agreement. Next, the paper discusses Canada's objectives in entering into the two free trade agreements, the FTA and the NAFTA and discusses how the Softwood Lumber Agreement fits into these. Finally, the paper looks at the BC Lumber Trade Council and what it represents.

From the Paper
" The Council advocated to the provincial and federal governments on the basis of the lumber industry and the best interests of the forestry industry as well as of Canada. The Council advocated finding "a durable, long-term solution to the Canada-U.S. softwood lumber dispute and respect for the rules of trade under NAFTA" (BC Lumber Trade Council 1). The Council also upholds certain aspects of the 2006 Softwood Lumber Agreement along with the interests of the firms in the industry that the Council represents. Advocacy on the part of the Council includes using threats to the federal government. Such threats involve the potential for embarrassment on the international scale along with local disgrace in the event that the agreement is implemented without feedback and influence from the BC Lumber Trade Council. The strategies employed in the advocacy of related to the proposed softwood lumber agreement represent the intensity of feeling surrounding the issues in the dispute. The Council's advocacy measures also are influenced by the extreme significance of the softwood lumber agreement for the lumber industry in British Columbia. The BC Lumber Trade Council also has threatened to sabotage the agreement in the event that their demands are not realized."

Tags:FTA, NAFTA, advocacy, globalization

Abstract
The paper relates that the Softwood Lumber Agreement was introduced in 1996, and established the rules governing export for the following five years. The paper looks at how this agreement marked the latest point in a dispute that has been unremitting for two decades. The paper discusses the core issue that concerned stumpage fees charged to Canadian firms that remove lumber from Crown lands.

From the Paper
"The Softwood Lumber Agreement was introduced in 1996, and established the rules governing export for the following five years. This agreement marked the latest point in a dispute that has been unremitting for two decades. The core issue concerned stumpage fees charged to Canadian firms that remove lumber from Crown lands. The agreement stipulated the limit on the amount of lumber which might be exported to the US annually, and also introduced a system of fees to be used if the exports exceeded the limits. "The main provision was for a free export quota per year of 14.7 billion...""

Tags:interests, trade, disputes