Abstract
The author of this paper argues that the vision of Canada, regarding Confederation, through government policies and initiatives, regional concerns and cultural development, took shape against the backdrop of a vast and sparsely inhabited nation, and set the tone, in many ways, for things to come, even into the 21st century. The paper then notes that the concerns that troubled Macdonald's government continue to pose problems today and the unique challenges of Canada's geography remain. This paper tackles these issues, and attempts to ascertain whether there really is such a thing as the Canadian approach to culture, government and the economy and how it is faring today.

From the Paper
"It is important to note that this type of government initiative in support of Canadian industry was brought about by a perceived increase in nationalism, and serves to advance Barlow's suggestion that the 'historic balance in Canada between public and private enterprise...goes to the heart of our identity, our culture, and our very existence.' Indeed, Barlow traces this balance particularly to both the vastness and sparse population of Canada, as well as the proximity of the US and the danger of being 'absorbed into the United States.' It is because of these uniquely Canadian features that it was important that Canadian governments continually 'develop[ed] a mix of public and private enterprise to provide services in areas business alone would not have been able to enter or maintain profitably' and adds that this created a 'distinct economy' which also 'foster[ed] a different way of life in Canada.' It would seem, then, that social and economic policies which are protective of Canadian interests and culture are indeed a historical and distinctive feature--brought about by the specificities of our geography and population."

Tags:Canada culture nationalism nafta, j.m. bumsted, government

Abstract
The movement from the Keynesian era to the era of Neo-liberalism in western societies such as Canada represented a fundamental transformation in the political, economic, social and cultural makeup of society. Although this movement possessed many distinct features, in general there is a consensus that the key difference between the two situations is that while in the Keynesian state there exists the conditions for the development of "national" policy management, in the Neo-liberal state the orientation is towards the dismantling of all national "policy regimes" (McBride 27). In this context, this paper will examine the movement from the Keynesian state to the Neo-liberal state from a Canadian perspective. While numerous policy areas could be chosen to focus on as exemplifying this movement, for the purposes of this paper we will highlight the major policy area of national culture. Canada's national culture policy was at the heart of the debate over the FTA and NAFTA in the 1980s and 1990s that were key stages in the movement of the Canadian state from a Keynesian model to a Neo-liberal model. As such, Canada national culture policy and the changes it has experienced as a consequence of Neo-liberalism are indicative of the underlying corporate interests whose agendas are the engine of this modern movement.

From the Paper
The Movement in a Major Policy Area - Culture - from the Keynesian Era to Neo-liberalism Introduction The movement from the Keynesian era to the era of Neo-liberalism in western societies such as Canada represented a fundamental transformation in the political, economic, social and cultural makeup of society. Although this movement possessed many distinct features, in general there is a consensus that the key difference between the two situations is that while in the Keynesian state there exists the conditions for the development of "national" policy management, in the Neo-liberal state the

Tags:keynes, neo, liberal, policy

Abstract
This paper offers an overview of Canada. It discusses its culture, economy, population and agriculture. The author also explores the impact of NAFTA.

Tags:overview of canada, cultural, economical, population, agriculture, multinational negotiations, Nova Scotia Power Inc, Emera, Toronto Stock Exchange

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the positive and negative effects the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has had in Canada, the United States and Mexico. The paper asserts that NAFTA has taken on somewhat mythical proportions in the minds of its proponents and detractors alike. It holds that NAFTA has primarily struck a dissonant tone with the U.S. and Mexico, while Canada largely accepted its utility. To its detractors NAFTA offered a convenient scapegoat for all of the economic woes since its inception in January 1994, and to its proponents it has been responsible for most of the economic growth periods of the last 10 years. Yet, beyond all the hype, rhetoric, and ideology superficially imposed on it, NAFTA was a dynamic process that required monumental negotiation commitment on the part of the signatories and certainly on the part of Canada as the smallest market.
The paper concludes that, although NAFTA comes with its negative attributes, it has largely proven a boon to the Canadian economy and the country would be ill-advised to withdraw from the treaty.

Outline:
History & Description
NAFTA Weaknesses & Failure
Benefits & Cost Outcomes
Conclusion

From the Paper
"While NAFTA has been somewhat contentious since before its inception, the economic results of the agreement have proven largely inline with the positive projections associated with NAFTA by its designers and supporters. In fact, the increasing reliance on free-trade agreements which essentially become a 5th column in a country's foreign policy mechanism, NAFTA has become not just an economic success but a political template for further free-trade agreements across the globe. Some researchers have pointed out that NAFTA was ground-breaking both for its visionary approach to expanded trade relationships and for its unique integration into the signatory countries' sovereignty."

Tags:tariff, taxation, international, business, Canada, Mexico, US

Abstract
There are a few stereotypical images that spring to mind when one thinks of Canada's national identity, and hockey is inevitably one of them. Is this sport really a part of Canada's national identity, or has it become an empty corporate shell? This paper discusses the book "Hockey Night in Canada", by Richard Gruneau and David Whitson and the message it conveys about the Canadian cultural and national identity.

Tags:hockey, canada, culture

Abstract
This paper evaluates impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on United States taxation and in particular to international transactions. It looks at how the NAFTA is not really a tax treaty and how taxation is not addressed in the treaty. The signatory nations to the NAFTA renegotiated bilateral tax treaties subsequent to the implementation of the treaty to address taxation issues that were affected by the provisions of the treaty. There is an emphasis on the issues that are related to taxation on the basis of source income and to the amelioration of double taxation.

From the Paper
"The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) observed that globalization, the deregulation of financial markets, and financial innovation have led to major changes in the volume, composition and direction of international capital flows, which places increasing demands on taxation systems. "Taxes are an important consideration in foreign direct investment (FDI) and in cross-border portfolio investment decisions of financial and non-financial corporations and individuals. Tax-driven investment and savings decisions raise concerns about economic efficiency and equity, as well as problems of evasion and avoidance" (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1999, p. 21)."

Tags:canada, mexico, source, income

Abstract
The paper discusses how Canada is a country that may be seen either as rich in diversity, or as challenged by diversity. Whatever one's take, the paper contends that the truth is that the country is as diverse as it is large. In this essay, it is argued that although this results in intense challenges to Canada's existence as a single, unified nation, it nevertheless remains true that Canada is a viable nation-building project. The paper maintains that despite diversity and despite various claims to distinctness, Canada maintains its integrity as a single, unified nation, with a discernible national identity that is unlike any other.

Tags:canada, nationalism, grant

Abstract
This paper addresses the controversial issue of culture in Canada. The paper shows how some say Canada has no culture and that it is too concerned with other cultures to bother with one national identity. Others say that the mix of different ethnicity is Canadian culture, that the nation is the sum of its parts. There is as much debate over multicultural policies, and the paper breaks these down into three areas: There are those who say policies don't do enough to include minorities, who believe they are working fine, and those who think they do far too much.

From the Paper
"The article gives a brief history of Canada's multicultural laws and how they came into existence. The most recent amendment to these laws came under Brian Mulroney and his Canadian Multiculturalism Act of 1988. The Act obligated "all federal departments and agencies to implement multiculturalism as it applies to their mandates." This was a big step in recognizing the pluralistic society that is Canada. The author of the article, Andrew Cardozo, then begins to investigate the reactions of people to these laws. He writes of those who think Canada does not do enough to incorporate different cultures into the predominantly English society. Of these people, Cardozo seems to have a negative opinion. A self-proclaimed advocate of the multiculturalism laws, he writes about minority activists who constantly dwell on the negative instead of recognizing the achievements in the area. Cardozo belongs to what he would call the middle group, those who believe the laws to be working fine as they are. His article goes so far as to outline the number of advances made in the field of multiculturalism. These include a fairer portrayal of minorities in the media, better inclusion of minorities in advertising, and more involvement of minorities in politics. These may be points for Cardozo's argument, but they are also facts that support the belief of the third group. The third grouping of people one can study are those who believe multiculturalism has gone too far and that we have "lost the meaning of being "Canadian"." So much talk about the subject has created a social backlash, and to many talking about multiculturalism is now perceived as the "politically correct" thing to do. This is, of course, now a derogatory term."

Tags:ethnic, culture, policy, politics

Abstract
This paper attempts to counter the argument that Canada is little more than an adjunct to the United States. The paper views this outlook as bitterly unfair and somewhat ignorant. The essay continues by asserting that Canada is a unique nation musically, artistically, in terms of its literature, its television , its popular culture, and in terms of its government policy. At the same time, the country is really not unique in terms of its language, its ethnic mix and economy. The paper concludes by stating that Canada is a special nation in some ways but also a nation that is very much like other western countries in many other ways.

From the Paper
"Although it is often easy for people to insist that Canada is little more than an adjunct to the United States, such a view is bitterly unfair - and actually rather ignorant. Over the next several pages, this essay will assert that Canada is a unique nation musically, artistically, in terms of its literature, its television (especially its television), its popular culture, and in terms of its government policy (if "policy" means how the nation has been organized constitutionally in deference to certain undeniable realities endemic to Canada). At the same time, the country is really not unique in terms of its language (French and English and even..."

Tags:yes, canada, unique

Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that while tariffs were once popular in the historical past as a way of protecting the national economy from the forces of competition, today most economists agree that free trade has more benefits for both countries engaging in such trade than drawbacks. The writer notes that the United States-Israel Free Trade Agreement, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and the Canada-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement, are all treaties that have attempted to curtail or eliminate tariffs between the agreeing nations with the aim of improving international business. These agreements are discussed. The writer concludes that by rendering nations more interdependent upon one another in the developed and developing worlds, persons living in areas of the globe, from Canada to Costa Rica, from Mexico to Israel to the United States, will have a greater interest in maintaining peace and stability between nations of different cultures.

From the Paper
"The United States-Israel Free Trade Agreement, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and the Canada-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement, are all treaties that have attempted to curtail or eliminate tariffs between the agreeing nations with the aim of improving international business. The US-Israel Free Trade Agreement was the first of its kind, and has since become a model for other free trade agreements. The US-Israel Free Trade Agreement allowed American products to compete with European goods on the Israel domestic market. It was agreed upon between countries in 1985 and eliminated almost all restrictions and duties on trade between the United States and Israel. A non-binding declaration of trade in services was also included in the FTA, providing for the elimination of barriers in industries pertaining to tourism, communications, banking, insurances, management, consulting, accounting, law, computer sciences, and advertising."

Tags:customs, resources, products, market