Abstract This paper examines that which is termed "campuspolicing". It explores the subject "campuspolicing" both in historical terms as well as the possible implications in today's world. It also examines and explores the perception that the student and teacher both hold of the campuspolice officer as well as exploration of the standards or requirements of the police officer employed in the university setting. This work also explores expectations and as to what standard the campus officer is held, by the campus community at-large, as well as the public viewpoint of the campus officer as compared to the expectations of local or country officers in standards of skill, education, training and in the overall role of the officer.
Table of Contents
Preface
Table of Contents
Abstract
List of Tables
List of Abbreviations
Statement of Problem/Thesis
I. Background and History of CampusPolicing II. The Role of CampusPolice Officer
III. The Campus Officer's Proper Role
IV. CampusPolicing: Related Legislation and Law
V. Perception of Respondents
VI. Department of Public Safety Community Survey
VII. Research Methodology
VIII. Crime: Focus and Concern
IX. Limitations of the Study
X. Community Based Policing Program
Executive Summary
Synopsis
CampusPolice Community Survey
Bibliography
From the Paper "President Bush signed the "Crime Awareness and Campus Security Act", also referred to as "The Clery Act" in 1990. Universities and colleges, that are recipients of federal funding, are required by law to prepare as well as publish and distribute the crime statistics for the institution to students, teachers and faculty. Since that time many reports and studies have been conducted focusing on different aspects of the statistics, the methodology of collection of information, categories of the statistics and other invaluable information.
This paper intends to investigate and research campus policing with a focus on the perception held by constituents, that is; the faculty, teachers and students of the institution, as to the campus police officer in relation to the duties and ratings of the performance of those duties. This study intends to examine specific questions that have been posed in a typewritten survey and distributed to students at Houston Community College as to the System of the police department on the campus and surrounding adjacent areas and the campus neighborhood community."
Abstract This paper explains that criminal acts, which reflect the surrounding society such as assaults, murders, robberies and vandalism, have increased markedly on campuses. Therefore, schools are struggling with whether to continue the policy promoting gun-free schools, which also means that the campuspolice do not have guns. The author points out that the campus community cannot be so naive as to believe that campus policemen who do not carry handguns can help prevent or crime or protect innocent people; towns people would not want their police not to carry handguns. The paper stresses that campus crimes will not decline if all police officers begin carrying handguns, but the crime rate most assuredly will not decline if they don't either.
From the Paper "An armed police officer strolling through a college library may at first grip some students with fear, but it is also a comfort and a source of security to know that your safety is someone else's concern as well. Colleges are places of learning and culture because society has cultivated that image. This same image can be torn away through the fear of crime, which has no counterbalance. A college's survival depends on enrollment. If students fear they are not or cannot be protected, it is almost assured enrollment will drop, which will have a cascading effect on every aspect of the college from where students choose to attend to who receives research grants."
Tags: gun-free, naive, fear, enrollment, community
Abstract This paper explains that, although there is a long legacy of criminal incidents and systemic injustices occurring on college campuses;the number of incidences of wild melees, rioting, cheating, hooliganism and serious criminal behavior are increasing greatly on many campuses. The author stresses that, even though more than eight years have passed since Congress first enacted the landmark Campus Security Act of 1990, the scope and magnitude of the problem of crime prevention and justice on campus is still not accurately understood. The paper stresses that, if accountability is to be included in any calculus of guilt or innocence, America's college administrators deserve special mention for their particularly underwhelming record, transforming too often what should resemble an intellectual journey into a life-threatening and too often hair raising tour through Dante's inferno.
Table of Contents
Prologue
Current Trends
Rioting: The New Rage and a Few Familiar Faces
Enforcement Efforts
Is Your School Safe?
Campus Crime: Not Just Numbers
Campus Courts
CampusPolice Logs
Definitions Used for Compiling Crime Statistics
Campus Awareness Act of 1990
Background
The Crime Awareness and Campus Security Act
Campus Crime Statistics
Annual Security Reports
Campus Security Procedures and Programs
On-Campus Occurrences of Crime
Occurrences of Crimes Manifesting Evidence of Prejudice ("Hate Crimes")
Study Indicates Widespread Non-Compliance
From the Paper "Property crimes (which here include only burglary and motor vehicle theft, since these are the only property crimes the Act requires institutions to report) were reported by about two-fifths of the institutions in each of the 3 years. According to 1994 statistics, 37 percent had experienced burglary on campus, while 23 percent reported at least one motor vehicle theft. The percentage of institutions reporting occurrences of violent and property crimes varied greatly by institutional type, whether the institution had campus housing, and the size of the institution. Public 4-year institutions, those with campus housing, and larger institutions were more likely to report occurrences of both violent and property crimes than were other types of institutions. For example, one or more violent crimes were reported by 78 percent of public 4-year institutions, about half of institutions with campus housing, and 84 percent of institutions with 10,000 or more students, compared with 3 percent of for-profit less-than-2-year institutions, 12 percent of institutions without campus housing, and 7 percent of institutions with less than 200 students."
Abstract This paper argues in favor of the presence of police officers in American schools. It looks at the problem of many schools as a locus for violence and gang activity and the purpose of campuspolice officers.
From the Paper "Anyone who does not recognize that a number of America's public schools have become a locus for violent criminal and gang activity in recent years is probably not reading a daily newspaper or watching television news..."
Abstract This paper examines the expenses and social benefits of living on campus: Renting an apartment, staying in the dorms and buying a home. The author recommends living in the dorms for the first year because it gives students a chance to get to know schoolmates. It suggests that the following year a place can be rented off-campus with friends. The paper includes comparison tables of expenses.
From the Paper "The first option is for Sarah to live in the dorms. This is the most hassle free thing to do ? it will give her a chance to meet new people with whom she might want to live with next semester or next year. Meals on campus are $875 a semester for 18 meals a week and 950 for 21 meals a week. I?d suggest you go with the previous meal plan; I must have made it to breakfast maybe five times, maximum, my freshman year of college!"
Abstract This paper addresses crime on college campuses, its frequency and type, and how it can be prevented, including how victims and administrators alike should react to reports of increased campus crime across the country.
Abstract This is a literature review of peer-reviewed articles on college campus diversity and its academic benefits. Recent Affirmative Action developments are discussed, as are the issues of underrepresented women in science and engineering. It also presents some opposing viewpoints, explaining California's Proposition 209 in terms of the diversity movement.
Abstract This paper presents an economic analysis relating to the establishing of a U.S. satellite university campus in Cameroon, Africa that would provide information communication technology training. The paper provides a profile of Cameroon including health, crime, size, population, GDP and a table.
From the Paper "The following research paper presents an analysis of Cameroon Africa with the purpose of providing information relevant to the establishment ..."
Abstract This paper examines the issue of free speech, with special emphasis on the American college campus. The writer argues that free speech should never be banned or regulated as it is a protected right under the United States Constitution. The author examines how today's college administrators wrestle with the idea of free speech at their institutions. The author concludes that free speech must exist in order for the Constitution to be protected and so students can continue to grow in their ability to ascertain fact from fiction.
Outline:
Introduction
The Subjectivity of it All
The Ultimate Decision
Conclusion
From the Paper "As much as most individuals will agree that certain speech is hurtful to others society by and large has the ability to correct itself by ignoring or shunning those who insist on voicing opinions that are unpopular or hateful and college students are capable of the same shunning which in turn brings pressure to the speech giver to cease and desist.
We cannot pick and choose which part of the constitution we are going to protect as the entire document embodies what the founding fathers intended when they put it together."
This paper examines the effectiveness of community policing in which police officers and members of the community come together in a collaborative effort to identify and solve the problems of crime, societal disorder and disturbances.
Abstract This paper focuses on the various benefits of adopting a community policing approach. Community policing is considered one of the most effective strategies available to reduce neighborhood crimes, create a sense of security and reduce fear of crimes among the citizens. Combining the efforts of the police department, the members of the community and the local government can help in the accomplishment of all these objectives to develop a healthy and clean society. This paper details the history of community oriented policing (C.O.P) which has become the new model of law enforcement replacing the traditional para-military style of policing. This paper also discusses the various supporters of community policing who firmly believe that this approach has enough potential to serve as a model for remarkable reforms and improvements in the entire system of policing and justice. The writer of this paper also examines the downside to this particular approach of law enforcement. The primary reason for the failure of C.O.P in some situations is the unwillingness of the community members to cooperate with the police officials, the lack of support from the police department itself or the absence of a proper policing system.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Keeping a Balance
A New Model of Policing History of Community Policing Supporters of Community Policing Criticism on C.O.P
Implementation Challenges of COP
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "A number of studies were conducted in order to find out the cause of the problem and to define the solutions for it. Studies revealed that the traditional practice of continuous patrolling and other highly reactive approaches to combat crime has not helped in any way to reduce the crime rate prevailing in the society. These circumstances lead to the recognition on the part of the government that problems relating to crime fighting and the problems relating to the relationship between the police and the community are interrelated. In 1967, the President's commission on Law enforcement and administration of justice proposed that a new kind of police system should be introduced. In the later years this proposal provided the ground for the establishment of a new model for policing. The philosophy being adopted to develop this model was focused on creating a law enforcement system, which tries to bring the police and the general public in close relationships and provides the police department an opportunity to solve the community problems."
Abstract This article examines the practice of community policing, that involves putting an officer or officers into a neighborhood or designated area of the city on a permanent assignment, instead of just sending an officer whereever he may need to go according to a specific call. The writer maintains that community policing has become more popular in recent years as police forces around the country strive to make communities safer, and their officers more trusted and understood. The writer discusses the advantages and disadvantages of community policing. Further, the writer examines the effectiveness of such policing methods within minority communities of the city of Los Angeles.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Strengths of Community Policing Weaknesses of Community Policing Community Policing and Minority Relations
The City of Los Angeles
Is Community Policing Meeting Its Objectives?
Conclusion
From the Paper "Community policing has become more popular in recent years as police forces around the country strive to make communities safer, and their officers more trusted and understood. They are looking for ways to get their officers out there into the community and get the citizens used to seeing police officers patrolling the streets in the hopes that not only will crime go down, but citizen comfort around police officers will go up, making citizens much more likely to report a criminal that they are aware of. If they feel safe and protected by the police, they will likely turn to them in times of need instead of just assuming that the neighborhood criminal is not their problem as long as he or she leaves them and their family and belongings alone in favor of someone else's. Some people are not comfortable talking to a policeman that they have never seen before, but they are all right in dealing with the policeman who is always on patrol during a certain time each day in their neighborhood."
Abstract The paper explains how Sir Robert Peel ushered in modern policing by establishing an ethical system for the police. The paper explains that while there have been significant changes in police work since Peel's time, his principles remain the foundation for modern police ethical systems. The paper identifies the nine principles, which include the primary function of police, public approval of police actions, the public in voluntary observance of the law and how physical force lessens public co-operation. The principles also discuss impartial service to the law, inappropriate use of physical force, how police are not separate from the public but part of the public, separation of the police and judiciary and finally, the test of police efficiency. The paper concludes that these principles continue to guide the actions of modern law enforcement agencies.
From the Paper "Peel's first principle states: "the basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder." (New Westminster Police Service, 2006). The primary function of police today continues to be the prevention of crime. The successful resolution of unsolved crimes can aid in crime prevention, because most crimes are committed by recidivists. Therefore, the fact that modern police spend much of their time solving crimes does not detract from the fact that the basic mission of the police is crime prevention."
Abstract This paper evaluates the concept of community policing in light of new outlooks on crime and law enforcement. The paper introduces the role of police in society and considers the debate centering on whether the police should be mainly responsible for only the effects and results of crime or if they should be more involved with the underlying and root causes of crime. Both views are analyzed in detail. The author concludes that research attests to the fact that community-orientated policing is particularly suitable and appropriate to the contemporary climate and to modern transnational crime.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Discussion
Case Studies
Conclusion
Appendix
Figure 1. difference between traditional and community based policing Figure 2. North Carolina FY 2003 Awards to North Carolina
Questionnaire
Questions Directed at the General Public
Questions Directed at the Police
From the Paper "Therefore, in conventional terms, the responsibly of the police is to maintain law and order and to protect the innocent against the criminal elements. However, the nature of modern society and the complexity of many forms of criminal behavior have created debate, and changes, with regard to the extent and range of modern policing responsibility. This debate centers on new views of policing responsibility and can be summarized by the following question. Should the police be mainly responsible for only the effects and results of crime or should police be more involved with the underlying and root causes of crime? "
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that policing today is a very complex and dangerous service provided to an often inconsiderate and ungrateful community. The writer focuses on the community of Macom and its police force. The problems as they are currently experienced are explored and analyzed in order to make recommendations and suggest improvements. The writer maintains that Macom's problem is two-fold: the drop in morale in the police force as a result of the rising crime rates, and the increasing fearfulness of the community for the same reason. The writer concludes that the Macom police department should concentrate on programs to nurture its youth via wholesome activities and educational programs, while at the same time building its community relations by cultivating positive relationships with all community leaders.
Outline:
Introduction
Primary Mission of Macom Police Department
Table 1: Community and Police relationship in Macom
The Crime Rate and Police Strategy
Table 2: Criminal Activity Among the Youth and Ethnic Minority
Policing Philosophy and Strategies
Civil Liberties
From the Paper " A clear mission statement is vitally important in any business environment. It is particularly important for a service provider such as the police department, as more is involved than a financial bottom line. The police functions within a community. The department's effectiveness within any specific community is integrated with the community's perception of the department. If a community for example believes that the police is corrupt or biased, there will be an innate distrust whenever the police attempt to enforce the law. Such negativity also makes it difficult to implement strategies such as community policing. The police are then seen as a kind of heavy-handed parent or school master, assuming guilt and taking no great pains to prove innocence before punishing."
Abstract The disturbing problem of police misconduct reaches back as far as the establishment of the first organized police forces in the United States in the nineteenth-century. Police misconduct has taken many forms, such as sexual assault, excessive force, death while in police custody, domestic abuse of a spouse, abuse of power, negligence of duty, racial profiling, immigrant abuse, and police cover-ups, and is evident in police departments across this country. This paper looks at the history, forms, and prevalence of police misconduct in the United States and discusses why it is so difficult to investigate and prevent.
