Abstract
This paper discusses how Bill Clinton managed his image in the public eye during his presidential campaigns, despite the controversies surrounding him, especially his extra marital affairs, the Whitewater River scandal, and the accusations of sexual harassment against him by Paula Jones. The paper also discusses ideas proposed by the Clinton campaign team, which helped him to win the election. The paper further examines how the economy played a major factor in the outcome of the elections.

From the Paper
"Not until the end of June did news coverage favorably focus on Clinton as a serious candidate with an economic strategy that could help the country. Voters had obviously been interested in change as was evidenced in the favorable showings in the polls by third party presidential candidate Ross Perot. In late June of 1992, Clinton came out with an economic strategy that played to the average American voter who was struggling. It simplified the Reagan-Bush $300 billion deficit, and the ominous outlook for the younger generation of America. At the Clinton campaign headquarters, the political strategist James Carville had made the invaluable shift by posting signs that read: "It's the economy, stupid" ("Campaigns," par. 3)"

Tags:presidential campaign, bill clinton, controversy scandal, extra marital affairs, democrat

Abstract
This paper explains that, in spite of so many Pulse Polio Campaigns in Bihar, India, the polio virus has not been eradicated; however, when integrated with other state interventions like routine immunization, a faster eradication of polio disease might be achieved. After the literature review, the author describes the econometric methodology for this study, which uses both time series and cross sectional analysis. The paper concludes that the research indeed does indicate that, while the Pulse polio campaigns need to be continued, the emphasis of the state government should be more on the coverage of routine immunization. Maps, equations, figures and statistical tables are included in the paper.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Table of Contents
Introduction
Need for Study
Objectives
Hypothesis
Limitations
Chapterization
Literature Review
The Linkage between Polio and Routine Immunization
The Vaccine Derived Virus - Risk of Over Exposure
Lack of Logistic Support for Polio Campaigns
Polio and Hygiene & Sanitation - A Case for IPV
Problems of Full Immunization - Surveillance and Record
Immunization and Local Resistance - Role of Media
Oral Polio Vaccine and AIDS
Polio Vaccination Post Eradication
Data and Methodology
Methodology
Time Series Model
Cross Sectional Model
Endogeneity of the Variables
Dummy Variables
Data Source
Assumptions
Expected Outcome
Findings
Findings from the Time Series Data
Findings from the Cross Section Data
District Level Cross Sectional Analysis
The Pulse Polio Campaigns
Full immunization
Supervision of Polio Campaigns
Population and Migration
Economic
Other Institutional Factors
Block Level Cross Sectional Analysis
Conclusion and Policy Recommendations

From the Paper
"The above argument was further reinforced when the dummy variable analysis of this variable was undertaken. While the coefficient of dummy came significant at 30% (meaning when every district has achieved an RI coverage of more than 30%), the variable fullimmunhat itself became insignificant. However, when the dummy was raised to 38% the variable immunhat gained significance at 18% with dummy also coming significantly negative. There are no districts beyond 40% RI coverage (except Bhagalpur) thus further dummy analysis could not be undertaken. This however points out that if there is a threshold for RI coverage , it is roughly around 40-42% .This means that the state should quickly achieve a Routine Immunization coverage of average 40% from the present average level of 23.4% in all districts ( particularly the polio prone districts ) if it has to eradicate polio menace.
"It is worth mentioning that the RI coverage pre-existed the Pulse Polio Campaigns and it will certainly outlast them. Fighting Polio before fighting DPT and Measles would have made sense if our general RI coverage was handsome (say > 80). This is our major policy fallacy that we never thought of integrating the polio campaigns with the RI coverage."

Tags:interventions linkage, logistic support, sanitation resources

Abstract
The paper outlines eight memorable advertisement campaigns of the 20th century, and explores the slogans and concepts that made these advertisement campaigns capable of attracting the senses and sensibilities of people that could become their regular customers. The paper then focuses on why McDonalds' advertisement campaigns are so successful. The paper highlights the impact of a concept basis that touches the senses and values of the target market and thereby contributes to an advertisement campaign's lasting effectiveness.

From the Paper
"During the great depression, Coca-Cola in the year 1929 defied the bleak condition of the times with its advertisement campaign that presented an idyllic America that inspired the viewers despite the somber times. The advertisement campaign catapulted the sales of Coke by twice as much as the previous year. Then in 1956 came the Clairol Hair color advertisement campaign with the slogan "Does she.. or doesn't she?" that possibly intrigued viewers and contributed to its success. Volkswagen automobile, in 1959, sped off to the finish line like an underdog hero with the concept "Think small" for its advertisement campaign along with its smart "We pluck the lemons, you get the plums" slogan."

Tags:senses, sensibilities, values, customers, markets

Abstract
This paper looks at celebrity campaigns and how effective they are in promoting disease prevention among the general public. It looks at how the medical community views these campaigns, the veracity of the information they portray, the role of paid spokespersons and gives some examples of campaigns by celebrities for specific diseases. It suggests a plan for a campaign to publicize anorexia nervosa.

From the Paper
"No large-scale campaign has ever been raised to bring awareness to anorexia nervosa - a devastating disease in which people starve themselves sometimes to death because of a distorted body image ..."

Tags:anorexia nervosa, celebrities

Abstract
This paper examines the numerous factors affecting presidential campaigns and their outcomes. The paper discusses the George Bush and Al Gore campaigns and looks at how the Electoral College, polls, state-by-state contests and the electoral geography each impact the election results. The paper further discusses the difficulty in predicting the winners of these elections as a result of all the influencing factors.

From the Paper
"In an election with no dominant theme, predictions are difficult. Especially this particular Presidential election, in which it is entirely plausible that one candidate could win the popular votes, while another becomes President-elect. Americans must remember that this outcome has occurred before, and that the Presidential elections are not decided by the people, but by the Electoral College. Furthermore, although most Americans know that the Electoral College chooses their President, few understand the inner workings of this archaic institution. The end result is a difficult prediction that must account for the polls, state-by-state contests, and the electoral geography of the campaign."

Tags:electors, constitution, candidate, pollsters, democrat, republican, gallup, nominee

Abstract
This paper examines the Valley Campaigns of the American Civil War. The author argues that the outcome of the campaigns shows that appropriate tactics and quality leadership determined victory in the particular terrain and physical conditions. The Union was victorious due to outstanding leadership and knowledge of the battlefield. The confederacy's defeat is considered in terms of poor leadership and mistreatment of officers toward regular soldiers.

From the Paper
"The strategy pitted Grant, Meade and Butler against Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, whereby Franz Sigel would invade the Shenandoah Valley and cut off Lee's supply lines; Sherman to take Georgia and Atlanta; and Nathaniel Banks to capture Mobile, Alabama (Wikipedia 2005). Lee sent Jubal Early to contain the impact of David Hunter's offensive in the Valley and, if possible, to trouble Washington and force Grant to reduce his forces in Petersburg, Virginia. Early managed to traverse the Valley un-opposed, crossed Harpers Ferry and the Potomac River and drove into Maryland. In response, Grant sent troops under Horatio G. Wright and George Crook to handle Early and strengthen the position of Washington (Wikipedia, Feis 1993, Sifakis 2005). "

Tags:Union, Confederacy, Civil, War, battles

Abstract
This paper discusses the effect that advertisements can have on the outcome of political campaigns and elections and how that influence can have national and international repercussions, especially when the advertisement campaigns present incomplete facts or misrepresent the truth.

From the Paper
"Good ads have a dramatic effect on viewers as they address psychological factors like emotions rather than rational ones and, therefore, their use in political campaigns should be limited. In addition, ads are formed to inform the public about the merits of purchasing a certain product or supporting a certain issue or a political candidate. They should positively inform the viewers of the truth by relying and sticking to the facts. However, according to Robert H. Wozniak in "Walter Dill Scott: the Psychology of Advertising," creating ads that are built around the facts and which talk to the viewers ' rationality, is not really valid advertising. This is because "advertising has as its one function the influencing of the human mind...As it is the human mind that advertising is dealing with, its only scientific basis is psychology" (Scott qtd. in Woznaik). He meant that ads have a direct influence on viewers as they communicate with the human brain directly as a bullet and ads affect the people psychologically not rationally. Ads tell people what they want them to be informed with or even what they don't want to hear but in a way that they can identify with. Accordingly, as Wozniak explains, ads are hurt because the human attention span is short. This is an essential observation regarding the nature of ads because it means that their length does not allow for the publishing of all the truth regarding a product or an issue. Instead, an ad will select facts and leave claims unexplained. The second vital feature regarding successful ads made by Wozniak is that they play on the viewers' emotions."

Tags:tv, magazine, newspaper, billboard, influential, role, presidential, candidate, opponent

Abstract
This paper begins by providing an historical background of the society in America in the 1980s and how advertising was geared towards this society. The writer explains that as older party and political structures declined, advertising became central to campaigns by the 1980s. In order to compare two advertising forms, the writer looks at two particularly effective campaigns, both by Republicans; one positive and one negative.

From the Paper
"The positive campaign, for the 1984 Reagan re-election campaign, had the theme "Morning in America." The specific images were forgettable enough--family picnics and the like, shot in a soft-focus flavor if not literally with soft focus, but the campaign achieved its enormous effectiveness from its background. The decade of the 1970s had been a dismal one for the United States, beginning with the Vietnam War and civil disorder, and ending with oil crises and the Iranian embassy hostage crisis. The central theme of the 1984 ad campaign was that Reagan, almost through sheer force of personality, had halted this national decline; we had passed through the dark night and under Reagan it was indeed Morning in America again."

Tags:reagan, vietnam, republican, symbolism, image

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the election campaign of Democrat Julia Carson with her main opponent, Republican Brose McVey, and the election campaign of Republican Diaz-Balart with that of his main opponent, Democrat Annie Betancourt. The paper compares a variety of aspects of the campaigns, including campaign financing, platform and support, candidate profiles, media coverage, scandal, redistricting, and election results.

From the Paper
"McVey ran on a platform of economic growth and job creation, stating that Indiana has been sliding compared to the rest of the nation. McVey claimed that "there are many federal issues, such as funding for transportation and airport projects to changes in the tax code, which can have an impact on Indiana's economy. 'She's been in office six years... I haven't heard one word about what Carson is doing and advocating for.? McVey also cited Carson's votes against President Bush's tax cut package and against "fast-track" trade authority. McVey's views on political issues were much more conservative than Carson's. He supported an amendment that would make flag burning illegal. opposed partial-birth abortion, and supported the right to bear arms. McVey also supported Bush's policies on Iraq and taxes."

Tags:economic, growth, job, creation, federal, issues, tax, cut, package, voted, experience

Abstract
This paper introduces the topic of corporations' spending to influence political campaigns and specifically discusses why they should be prohibited from doing so. It looks at how these corporations are able pick and choose where they exert their power and how most of them contribute the maximum amount allowable by law to political campaigns. It argues that these contributions, known as "soft money" in the political world, should be prohibited because they go against the meaning of the U.S. Constitution and because they influence the candidates in ways that often do not benefit their constituents. Political contributions from large corporations are not the American way, and they should be banned entirely to add integrity back into the election process.

From the Paper
"There are numerous reasons why these continuing political contributions should be stopped. First, they are completely out of control, and are defining the way candidates run for office in our country. Political campaigns of past eras were shorter, and much less expensive. Today, campaigns seem to last forever, and the budgets are tremendous. For example, the 1998 governor's race in California cost $100 million, and Senate races can cost $25 million or more, and the costs are rising every day (Hrebenar, Burbank, and Benedict 6). Arnold Schwarzenegger spent nearly $27 million to win the recall election in California just a few months ago, and the total spent by all the candidates was $88 million. Even more astounding, Ex-Governor Gray Davis left office owing his campaign money."

Tags:soft, money, constituents, constitution, election