Abstract
This paper explains that the normative ethics theory, which are culturally defined rather than based on a personal moral code, can be a guideline for deciding the best action within the context of certain individual types of situations. Next, the author explains the reasons why laws limiting corporate campaign funds have been a rigorously debated topic. The paper applies the normative ethics theory to the questioning of why Company X is donating to a specific local politician's campaign.

From the Paper
"The application of the normative ethics theory would put individual situations under scrutiny and consider some of the gray areas individually. The implications of this suggest that major contributors to the campaign funds of politicians have a degree of influence over the decisions made by the political candidates. The decision seems ironic in the way that its defenders refer to the aspect of free speech. In a way, it eliminates the idea of a more level playing field when it empowers the wealthy few to make decisions for the many."

Tags:guideline consequences, mission statement, influence intentions

Abstract
This paper proposes a for and against argument on the issue of campaign finance reform. It examines how campaign finance reform has been raised as an important political issue for some time and there have been several recent proposals to deal with such reform. It looks at how these proposals deal with concerns about the growing amount of money needed for political campaigns and about how that money is acquired by candidates. It analyzes the McCain-Feingold Bill which addresses this issue and has been much debated for the constitutional issues involved. It evaluates how one side of the argument cites reasons why money is too prevalent in politics today and why the way campaigns are funded should be changed. It then cites the other side--that campaign funding is a matter of free speech and should not be changed in any way.

From the Paper
"For many people today, people who can be heard on talk shows across the nation, people who speak on television and campaign for change, people who refuse to vote or have anything to do with the political process--for these people and others, political corruption is such a fact of life that they cannot separate the idea of government and government officials from corrupt practices. One reason for this perception is the knowledge that politics is expensive and that running for office requires vast amounts of money, and people want to know what those giving large campaign contributions want for their money. Public funding is an alternative to the current system, and it would be enhanced further by caps on campaign spending. The scandal today, as numerous commentators have pointed out, is not what is illegal but what is legal, with distinctions made between "hard" money and "soft" money that serve the needs of the political parties and yet do not answer the concerns of the public."

Tags:mcCain-feingold, bill, constitution, government

Abstract
This paper compares government funding of political parties in three democratic countries: the United States, Great Britain and France. It looks at the significance of the issue of financing political party electoral campaigns. It concludes that all three countries have implemented changes in campaign finance regulations, but considers the government as a necessary source of some of the funds for political candidates and parties, but differ on the issues that have an impact on electoral activity.

From the Paper
"political party electoral campaigns has long been a subject of discussion and as significantly of controversy. Given ..."

Tags:political parties, campaign finance, France, Great Britain, United States

Abstract
This paper discusses the ongoing debate over campaign finance reform, explaining the major issues associated with the reform and some of the reasons for the disagreement about how campaign finance should be implemented. In particular, the paper focuses on the McCain-Feingold bill, detailing what it would change about campaign finance and why there is still opposition to the bill even though it is bipartisan.

From the Paper
"Campaign finance reform has been debated since Richard Nixon ran for the Vice Presidency under Eisenhower. In the wake of the Watergate fiasco, some meaningful reforms were made. However, there have been no major changes to campaign finance laws since that time. The time is ripe for change, but what kind of changes do we want? Do we want changes that make a joke of our constitution or do we want changes within the boundaries of the constitution? The major issue is soft money "was originally intended to go to party-building activities and get-out-the-vote drives but which increasingly has been used as a way to funnel large contributions to presidential and other candidates." (Hamburger, Tom "Campaign-finance debate jumps to center stage // There is widespread agreement that federal election rules need repairing. But there is no consensus on how, and there is lots of opposition to the lead." Minneapolis Star Tribune, 09-28-1997, pp 21A). However, the McCain-Feingold bill, the one most advocates support, would also limit advertising. The problem with that is any changes that try and skirt around the constitution, by limiting free speech, will most likely be thrown out by the Supreme Court. Until recently most congressmen did not look at finance reform seriously."

Tags:democratic, republican, fund-raising, excesses, presidential, election, unlimited

Abstract
In this article, the writer offers a public relations campaign designed to increase participants, volunteers, and donors to the Second Mile Golf Classic in Central Pennsylvania. The writer explains that the Second Mile is a statewide non-profit youth organization that supports and develops youths in need across the state.

From the Paper
"The Second Mile program is a statewide non-profit organization serving Pennsylvania youth that is committed to helping young people achieve their potential as individuals and as community members and providing education and support for their parents and youth service professionals. Second From Art Auctions and Golf Tournaments to Sports Banquets and large prize drawings The Second Mile program relies on public relations campaigns to promote fund raising events. This public relations campaign will be executed to publicize The Second Mile's annual celebrity two-day golf event at ..."

Tags:media, press release, nonprofit, marketing, promotion, celebrities, fund raising

Abstract
The paper discusses how Shirley Chisholm, the first black woman to seek a presidential nomination for the Democratic Party, instigated a grass roots campaign that was built on popular support rather than the common "special interest" endorsements and funding. The paper provides tables that show how Chisholm reflected the variation in demographic representation in the Democratic Party that was a result of broader societal changes. The paper then discusses, however, how her bid for the Democratic nomination was unsuccessful, but it marked an important shift in politics and culture in the US. The paper contends that Chisholm was clearly a pioneer who should be respected by purveyors of change as well as the general population.

From the Paper
"Clearly it is odd that one of the most foundational black female leaders of the 20th century has almost no notoriety. Shirley Chisholm born to poor immigrant parents in New York City in 1924, chose to develop a calling for politics during the height of the civil rights movement, and just following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. she was elected to the House of Representatives. Her election marked the first election of a black women to the House and after a significant term in the House she sought the Democratic nomination for president to run against Richard Nixon in 1972. In so doing she became the first black woman to seek such a nomination for the Democratic Party. ("Obituary: Shirley Chisholm" 13)"

Tags:convention, delegates, liberal, conservative, ideologies

Abstract
This paper discusses Frank J. Sorauf's "Inside Campaign Finance: Myths and Realities". The paper discusses how it is a work that provides a refreshingly new outlook on the financial nature of political campaigns and the extent to which the drive for finance affects the direction of politics. While Sorauf does not seem to have a personal agenda in his analysis, he points out that, within American politics, the push towards disallowing politicians to use public funds for campaigns is hopeless one. In his work, moreover, Sorauf shows that, since the political system sustains itself through the use of public funds for campaigning, it will not amend itself in this sense, for this would be a form of political suicide or self-destruction.

Abstract
This paper examines the goings on during fund raising for electoral campaigns. The paper presents a somewhat cynical viewpoint on the practice of contributions, specifically soft money contributions. The paper explains that seemingly no one gives without getting something in return. The ethics of campaign financing are explored in the paper. The paper also addresses the recurring question of whether there should be a limit on campaign spending.

From the Paper
" A cynic once said that the Federal Election Commission should hire Procter & Gamble to run the elections, since they have become a marketing, rather than a political affair. Just like P & G spends millions of dollars to advertise everything from Ivory Soap to Pampers, from Tide to Crest Toothpaste urging consumers to buy their products because they are "better", so the political parties, and the backers of various candidates for office, are marketing their "men" (well, a few women just to keep up the pretense that politics is an equal opportunity employer).
For the upcoming Presidential election, George W. Bush, the '90s answer to Dan Quayle, has raised nearly $70 million, based on his name and family connections; the money coming primarily from Clinton-haters and those tycoons who feel that Republican tax reform will benefit them the most. No wonder that some potential candidates, including Elizabeth Dole and Lamar Alexander, have dropped out: they could not keep up with the maddening pace of contributions to the "Son Who Would Be President"."

Tags:elections, presidential, contributions

Abstract
This paper explains campaign financing and the federal and state levels of campaigning funds. The paper discusses the finance reform laws that prohibit "soft money" and place restrictions on contributions. The paper relates that if the current trend continues, eventually congressional financing will be so regulated that even an ordinary citizen will be able to run for a seat in congress.

From the Paper
"It is said "Campaign financing in Congress has become so scandalous that is gives the wealthy in Congress inordinate influence, while ordinary citizens are virtually excluded from a meaningful role." It is true that Congress relies heavily on finances in order to maintain/achieve incumbency, however there are many financial restriction regarding campaign finances. Finance reform laws now prohibit the use of "soft money" (money obtain outside the restrictions of federal law). This soft money restriction came about with the passage of the Shay's- Meehan Campaign Finance Reform Law. However, there are restrictions on individual contributions, as established in the out come of the Buckley v. Valeo case. These restrictions have limited the effect of campaign spending on voters, and created little negative impact (aside from a lack of money) on the Congress as a whole."

Tags:finance, reform, contributions, restrictions, soft, money

Abstract
This paper discusses Frank J. Sorauf's "Inside Campaign Finance: Myths and Realities" and how it provides a new outlook on the financial nature of political campaigns. Most importantly, it examines the extent to which the drive for finance affects the direction of politics. The paper shows that the push towards disallowing politicians to use public funds for campaigns is a hopeless one. Indeed, since the political system sustains itself through the use of public funds for campaigning, it will not amend itself in this sense, for this would be a form of political suicide or self-destruction. Overall, the author feels that the argument is too harsh and that certain things can be done. For instance, the author strongly suggests that a separate government body should be created to monitor campaign finance.