Abstract
This paper explores the working hypothesis that caloric restriction may prevent Alzheimer's disease. In addition, the paper explores the idea that individuals with the ApoE genotype and a higher intake of calories have a higher risk of AD than those who do not carry the apoE4 allele.

From the Paper
"Alzheimer's Disease is a form of dementia that is marked by the loss of mental ability and various cognitive functions. The disease usually occurs in old age and is not detectable at birth. (Robinson) There is no consensus on the cause of AD but researchers have found a genetic link in the development of the disorder. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine explains that there are various genes that are implicated in AD. One such gene is amyloid precursor protein (APP), which creates amlyloid. When there are mutations in this gene the result is often the early onset of Alzheimer's disease. It is also reported that most individuals that have Down syndrome also develop AD."

Tags:ailment, chromosome, protein, transporting, lipids, neurons, diet, aging, diseases

Abstract
For many years nutritionists advised the general public about the cardiovascular implications of maintaining a diet regimen that restricts calorie intake. Information has now surfaced that a dietary restriction (DR) regimen has neurogenic implications. A DR regimen involves calorie restriction or intermittent fasting with maintained vitamin and mineral intake. This paper focuses on the effects of a DR regimen on neurogenesis and neuroprotection in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus. The contributory effect of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on neurogenesis is also examined in conjunction with a DR regimen.

From the Paper
"Further study in this field of neuroprotection involves establishing how the cellular stress induced by DR and the subsequent production of BDNF is able to increase the resistance of hippocampal neurons (2). In addition, it would be important for researchers to find applications of this neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease. Neurodegenerative disorders have been characterized as involving increased oxidative and metabolic stress, and overactivation of glutamate receptors (2). If DR results in the production of BDNF, which has been found to increase neuronal resistance, then the next logical progression of this research involves their use with neurodegenerative disorders."

Tags:C57BL/6, chaperones, MAP, bromodeoxyuridine

Abstract
This paper examines how obesity is a very common condition characterized by excessive deposition of fat in the adipose tissues. It looks at how there are many approaches to dieting and many claims about great success with various fad diets which include calorie restriction, low-fat/high-fiber, or high protein and fat/low carbohydrates. It also discusses the importance of exercise.

Outline:
Measurement of Obesity
How to Lose Weight?
Calorie Restriction
Low-Fat and High-Fiber Diets
High-Protein Diets
Exercise
Changing Sedentary Habits

From the Paper
"Calorie restriction has been the cornerstone of obesity treatment. One pound of fat equals about 3500 calories. Very-low calorie diets have also been associated with better success, but extreme diets can have some serious health consequences. Fat intake should be no more than 30% of total calories. Most fats should be in the form of monounsaturated fats (such as olive oil). Saturated fats (found in animal products) should be avoided. Severe dieting has unpleasant side effects, including fatigue, intolerance to cold, hair loss, gallstone formation and menstrual irregularities. Those whose diet includes high intake of fluids and much reduced protein and sodium are at risk for hyponatremia, causing fatigue, confusion, dizziness, and in extreme cases, coma. "

Tags:obesity, fat, WHO, overweight, weight, lose, diet

Abstract
This paper examines the importance of nutrition in end stage renal failure disease versus non-diseased people. It begins by discussing the causes of end-stage renal disease and its recommended treatment. The paper then discusses nutrition in the pre-dialysis and dialysis patient. The paper specifically looks at the restrictions that must be placed on the diet of a patient undergoing dialysis.

Outline:
Causes
Treatment
Nutrition in the Pre-dialysis and Dialysis Patients

From the Paper
"The definitive treatment of ESRD is the initiation of dialysis (peritoneal or hemodialysis) or renal transplantation with control or eradication of the cause of the kidney disease. However, nutritional support in the patient with end-stage renal disease must take into account the fragile electrolyte balance maintained by the remaining functional nephrons. Nutritional support in these patients most importantly takes into account the stage at which the patient is in. Protein restriction (0.6 g/kg/day) combined with a balanced, calorie-sufficient diet (35 kcal/kg/day) and phosphorus supplementation of up to 10 g/kg/day is the diet of choice for stage 3, 4 and 5CRD patients (Skorecki, Green & Brenner, 2005). Protein restriction is the most important component, which avoids the problem of urea nitrogen accumulation from the catabolism of the n-terminals of excess protein. Other organ system disorders are treated separately."

Tags:nutrition, calories, minerals, protein, prevalence, consume, kidney

Abstract
This paper explains that proteins are called the building blocks of life because they are essential to the proper functioning of every organism known to man. It indicates that they are used for support, storage, transport of other substances, signaling from one part of the organism to another, movement and defense against foreign substances. The author points out that eating an appropriate amount of protein is important to everyone because ingesting too much or too little can both have adverse affects on the rest of the body. The paper reports that nutritionists have identified several categories of athletes who may require greater levels of protein to reach peak performance: Endurance athletes, athletes performing intense strength training programs, teenage athletes with growth as well as exercise requirements, exercisers and athletes following a calorie-restricted weight loss program.

From the Paper
"Exercise intensity has been shown to alter the rates by which amino acids are oxidized-or converted to energy-by the body. This has not been found to be a linear progression of intensity to oxidation, but rather an exponential relationship. Therefore, an exercise routine that is just slightly more intense than another routine may trigger the oxidation of a significantly larger amount of amino acid. This fact needs to be accounted for when considering the protein needs of an athlete with a particularly intense type of workout."

Tags:building, defense, balance, exercise, gender

Abstract
This paper argues that it is the large portion size and calorie content of our meals, rather than eating health-foods versus fast/junk foods, that is the true causative agent of obesity and related health problems in America. The paper bases this proposition on research done in the field of anti-aging which shows extreme life-extension and health benefits in animal and molecular studies when calories are reduced by forty percent from normal. Furthermore, the paper proposes that Americans be educated from a portion-control perspective first and a healthy-foods perspective secondarily.

Tags:Fast Food, Nutrition, McDonald's, Obesity, Anti-Aging, Calorie restriction

Abstract
This paper examines the effects of a high fat/low-carbohydrate diet such as Atkins, on body weight and composition. This paper compares such a high fat diet to the effects of a calorie-reduced, fat-restricted diet in an attempt to answer the question of whether weight loss occurs because of a metabolic advantage. Metabolic advantage means that the body begins to use fat as energy due to a lowered carbohydrate intake.

From the Paper
"One possible reason that the subjects in the Pogliaghi and Veicsteinas (1999) study did not appear to benefit from a low-carbohydrate/high fat diet might be that they have not been participating in endurance training. As an individual exercises, the resulting muscle contractions are done using ATP. How the body creates and uses this ATP is dependant upon the amount of the energy sources available, and the intensity and duration of the exercise. In all individuals, even those who are non-obese, glycogen is generally used for ATP and thus, during moderate exercise, the body creates ATP from available glycogen. As the intensity of exercise is increased, oxygen levels in the body decrease, which makes the creation of ATP difficult. The body, at this point, will begin to burn fat to substitute for this lack of ability. Since prolonged endurance training has the affect of conditioning the muscles to "crossover" to burn glycogen after longer time duration, trained individuals will burn more fat and less glycogen than untrained individuals will. This might explain why the study done by Pogliaghi and Veicsteinas (1999) yielded such results as it did, since the individuals in the study were not trained athletes."

Tags:calories, diet, carbohydrate, hunger, Holt, meals

Abstract
This paper reviews the study done by Cecil, Francis and Read. This study attempts to explain why those following the Atkins diet lost more weight, more body fat and achieve a higher level of caloric restriction than those on a more conventional diet. The study was carried out on a group of nine fasting male subjects in a two part paired experiment.

From the Paper
"It was determined that, following intragastric ingestion of both the high-fat and the high-carbohydrate soup, baseline appetite ratings were suppressed, which would indicate no difference between the two food types. Furthermore, there were no differences in ratings of fullness, hunger ratings, or gastric emptying between the two soup types. This result would indicate that there was not a significant difference between the two soup types, when taken ingested by intragastric isocaloric infusion.
However, these results were significantly different when the soups were eaten physically. In the second experiment, the high-fat soup suppressed hunger, induced fullness, and slowed gastric emptying more than the high carbohydrate soup. Further, an energy intake test following each experiment showed that the high-fat soup reduced the amount of energy intake from foods eaten two hours after the high-fat soup. These results show that when taken orally, high-fat content food sources may provide orosensory, or taste, stimulation that causes different appetite and gastrointestinal responses. In other words, the taste stimulation caused by high-fat foods may result in feelings of increased fullness and satiety. "

Tags:gastric, emptying, appetite, eating, behavior, calories, fat, carbohydrate, Phinney

Abstract
This paper explains that, for overweight people and people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the low calorie and low fat diets recommended by the government do not work well and actually worsen the condition. The author points out that low carbohydrate diets, such as the popular "Dr. Atkins Diet", are synonymous with a high-fat and moderate protein regime. The paper relates that, when carbohydrate intake is restricted, the insulin levels decrease and the levels of glucagon increase. The author underscores that the increased fats and oils keep the appetite under control. The author suspects that the mechanism of insulin resistance is not a disease but rather a mechanism of homeostasis used to keep the body's fat to muscle ratio in balance. The paper states that, when the body is out of balance, type 2 diabetes mellitus occurs to correct the epigenetic factors that caused the imbalance.

From the Paper
"Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are now associated with decreased expression of genes that regulate oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle. Uncoupling protein 3 (UPC3) is a protein transporter that uncouples oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle. Studies on UCP3 functions under various physiological conditions have suggested that the function of UCP3 is not limited only to regulation of whole-body energy metabolism but is also involved in regulation of lipids metabolism. Uncoupling proteins act to convert stored fat into thermal energy."

Tags:adkin ketosis thermogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, uncoupling proteins

Abstract
This paper talks about the importance of proper nutrition in the physical fitness formula. The paper points out that the current and long-lasting trend in physical fitness, which places strong emphasis on what not to eat in order to achieve a desired weight, will not lead to true physical well-being. The paper talks about the importance of proper nutrition and how it relates to physical fitness and highlights the different components of good nutrition.

From the Paper
"In today's cultural climate, especially in popular print and television media, most of the discourse on the topic of "diet," is focused on the concepts of "exclusion." In fact, some might argue that this narrow collective attention on "what must be eliminated" from diet, stems, not from the value of health and optimum physical performance, but from the specific and limited goal of weight loss to the exclusion of all else. Although there can be little doubt that the current national obesity epidemic is a serious problem, exclusive focus on negative diet discourse, i.e. "Stop eating that!? causes considerable confusion about just what one should eat to ensure total physical fitness. After all, optimum weight is only one component of overall health and wellness."

Tags:health, weight, body, type, cardiovascular, immune, athletes, exercise, calorie, restriction