Abstract
This paper examines the problems of jury instructions given in the Scottsboro Boys third trial by Judge William Callahan. The paper explains that they were prejudicial, biased and totally inadequate, counting on the all-white jury to utilize their racial prejudice against black men having sex with white women. The paper contends that a far more ideal jury instruction would have been to base it on an earlier trial, overseen by Judge James Horton. The paper then relates that the Supreme Court decision eventually furthered the constitutional law about due process and eliminated all-white juries.

From the Paper
"Perhaps no single jurist can be considered biased and perhaps corrupt than Judge William Callahan, presiding over what is as ludicrous a "fair" trial as any ion the history of American jurisprudence as the trial of the so-called "Scottsboro Boys." There had been two previous trials. But, somehow, the state and its biased judges, prosecutors and potential jurors were not willing to accept reversals of the other trials. So, this third trial ended in the death penalty for Defendant Patterson. Given that higher courts held that the defendants not only were denied the right to counsel but "were tried before juries from which qualified...""

Tags:judge callahan, due processt, judge horton

Abstract
In this article, the writer summarizes and gives opinions on an essay by Sidney Callahan on the 'Ethical Challenge of the New Reproductive Technology'. The writer describes how Callahan looks at what should and should not be allowed from a religious viewpoint. Further, the writer discusses Callahan's views against reproductive technology.

From the Paper
"In his essay 'The Ethical Challenge of the New Reproductive Technology', Callahan argues that there ought to be a restriction on the types of medical technology used to aid couples with fertility problems in conceiving a child. He believes that this technology has forged ahead with no thought to the ethical problems it engenders and no consideration given to the welfare of the child conceived by artificial means. Callahan begins by dividing the approaches to alternative reproductive technology into two basic types. The first type he considers is what ... "

Tags:artificial insemination, surrogates, in vitro fertilization, ethics

Abstract
This paper discusses the article, "Abortion and The Sexual Agenda," written by Sidney Callahan, in which she argues that the pro-choice movement has actually been harmful to the cause of feminism, pushing women toward a male-oriented version of sexuality and allowing them to become associated with the mass killing of unborn babies. The paper discusses her arguments.

Table of Contents:
The Callahan Argument
The Moral Right to Control One's Body
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Callahan (1986) claims that, because there is no moral justification for abortion, pro-choice feminists have aligned themselves with an immoral practice that hurts the cause of feminism. But Callahan's contention that there is no moral right to control one's own body when it is keeping another being alive is undermined by society's treatment of undeveloped and under-developed conjoined twins. In these cases, society clearly recognizes a moral right to control one's body, even at the expense of another being that Callahan would define as living and human. The moral right that Callahan claims does not exist, is, in fact, very present. And if there is a moral argument that can be extended to abortion, then Callahan's contention that pro-choice feminists have aligned themselves with an immoral practice can not be fully defended."

Tags:pro-choice, feminism, morality, body, fetus

Abstract
This paper discusses the book "Education and the Cult of Efficiency" by Raymond E. Callahan which examines the state of American public education as of the early 1960s. It looks at how the author finds a problem in the degree to which educators are limited in their choices because of criticism leveled at them and pressure brought to bear by politicians, the public and interest groups. It analyzes Callahan's theory that school administrators have adopted the point of view of the business executive, and it is this posture which he sees as leading to poor schools and poor educational performance.

From the Paper
"An image that recurs and that Callahan sees as embodying the movement in education is of the school as a factory, taking unformed children in at one end and spitting out efficient workers and business people at the other. It is not difficult to see such a system as one that would tend to stamp out a good deal of individuality and even creativity in service of a uniformity of product. For such a factory, a new kind of administrator came into being, men who "represented a new type of school administrator," men who were "able, energetic, and practical, an to an amazing degree they represented in their interests and actions the dominant tendencies in American life in the first decades of the twentieth century," namely by showing "a great interest in and admiration for businessmen and industrialists" (180) while also resembling such men in their own actions."

Tags:school, administrators, educators

Abstract
Dan Brock, in his article "Voluntary Active Euthanasia: An Overview and Defense", claims that the moral difference is clear between physician-assisted suicide and between voluntary active euthanasia - in physician-assisted suicide the patient kills his or herself while in voluntary active euthanasia the physician is responsible for the killing. This paper evaluates the validity of Brock's arguments and compares them to those in Daniel Callahan's article "When Self Determination Runs Amok". The paper then discusses whether voluntary active euthanasia should be legalized. The paper provides facts about Oregon (the only state where physician assisted suicide is legal). The paper provides the pluses and minuses of VAE (voluntary active euthanasia), the effects of legalizing VAE and offers an opinion of when VAE is morally permissible.

From the Paper
"According to the state of Oregon, physician-assisted suicide is legal and is legal under the U.S. Constitution also. Physician-assisted suicide may be legal in Oregon, but it has been utilized less than 50 times in a state that has a population of approximately 3.4 million people. There are far more than 50 terminally patients in the state of Oregon. This shows that physician-assisted suicide is not a way for people to commit suicides legally, it is a way for the terminally ill(less than 6 months to live) to have their lives ended legally, with the assistance of someone else. This is definitely morally permissible because they are no people harmed in this act. In this act, the physician is only legally supplying the lethal dose, and the patient is committing the final act. The fact that less than 50 people have had physician-assisted suicide shows me that people that originally want physician-assisted suicide cannot bring themselves to do it themselves, or change their mind during their sickness. This leads me to think that ending one's own life is one of the hardest things a person can do, and typically most would prefer to have someone else that is qualified, such as a physician, perform this action."

Tags:Bill, Moyers, ALS

Abstract
This paper looks at the question, "Is the U.S. seeking to protect its own national security or simply to secure its own national interests throughout the world by having a unilateral approach to foreign policy decisions?" The paper uses two main sources as the basis for the analysis of this question: "Logic of American Foreign Policy" by Patrick Callahan, published in 2004; and the fifth edition of "American Foreign Policy" by Glenn Hastedt, published in 2003/4. These two main sources are introduced, in depth, and the frameworks that arise from these books are then used to frame an analysis of the question posed in this paper; supplementary examples are taken from recent political involvements of the U.S. in Bosnia, Iraq, Kosovo, and China. The final section of the paper, therefore, looks at the question from the viewpoint of the book reviews, with supplementary information where necessary.

From the Paper
"Essentially, Callahan's book looks, in depth, at six facets (or "logics") of the role the United States plays on the world stage: hegemonism, liberalism, realism, isolationism, liberal internationalism, and anti-imperialism. The book looks at each of these logics, and essentially traces the development of these logics through the study of the relevant policy documents and historical responses to these policies; a critical summary is then given for each logic. Three case studies are then presented at the end of the main body of the text: the debate following US intervention in Kosovo; the debate surrounding the 1990 Chinese trade debate, and the events following the events of September 11th 2001. These issues will be discussed, when relevant, in the present paper."

Tags:callahan, september, 11, kosovo, bosnia, iraq, china

Abstract
The following is a critical analysis of both Callahan's argument concerning the 'pursuit of happiness' and 'well-being', and on the other hand, the topic of euthanasia and as to whether the legalization of this actually, promotes 'self-determination' and the 'pursuit of happiness'. As well this paper will examine Callahan's two means of critique with respect to the legalization of euthanasia, as the manifestation of the pursuit of happiness.

Tags:euthanasia

Abstract
This paper is in the format of a response paper to James Rachels' article "Active and Passive Euthanasia" and Daniel Callahan's article "Killing and Allowing to Die."

Abstract
This research assesses within an ethical context the practice of animal experimentation conducted as a part of medical and other biological research. The positions of ethicists Daniel Callahan, Charles Curran, and William May, and others are conside

From the Paper
"This research assesses within an ethical context the practice of animal experimentation conducted as a part of medical and other biological research. The positions of ethicists Daniel Callahan, Charles Curran, and William May, and others are considered.

The Issue and Its Dimensions

The issue of the ethics surrounding the use of animals in medical and other biological experimentation for purposes of research is linked inextricably to the animal rights movement, which provides the strongest and most vocal opposition to the practice. As is true of so many social phenomena in the United States, the animal rights movement appeared to most Americans to develop..."

Abstract
We have come to think of the abortion debate as a confrontation between conservatives and liberals, with conservatives favoring the restriction of access to abortion and liberals favoring relatively free access to abortion services. However, Sidney Callahan described another debate, one that is occurring among liberal feminists.

From the Paper
"Religion Essays

Introduction
We have come to think of the abortion debate as a confrontation between conservatives and liberals, with conservatives favoring the restriction of access to abortion and liberals favoring relatively free access to abortion services. However, Sidney Callahan described another debate, one that is occurring among liberal feminists.

Summary
Her fundamental argument is that free access to abortion is not a requirement for women's social and political equality and, furthermore, that it might be counterproductive in the effort to achieve those ends. She explored the opposing viewpoints by ..."