Abstract The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of the modern calendar. Specifically the paper discusses how the Gregorian calendar came into being and the many changes it has undergone during its history. The paper examines how timekeeping has evolved from early, much more complicated methods. The paper concludes that the calendar may not be perfect, but it serves a vital purpose, and will probably remain constant for centuries to come.
From the Paper "One aspect of calendar history is quite surprising. While it would seem the Gregorian calendar that is the most common would be the universal calendar used around the world today, it is not. Historian Doggett continues, "According to a recent estimate, there are about forty calendars used in the world today" (Doggett, 2004). Some of these other calendars include the Hebrew calendar (used in Israel), the Islamic calendar (used throughout the Muslim world), the Chinese calendar (used throughout China), and the Indian calendar (used in India). Most of these calendar variations are used in specific localities and cultures, and there have been some attempts to coordinate them with the Gregorian calendar (Doggett, 2004)."
Abstract Describes the company's product line of pocket and desktop calendars and organizers. Problem inherent in the calendar that would prohibit successful entry and how the problem could be overcome. Differences between the Islamic and Julian calendars. Complex rules and regulations of the Sharia. Brief analysis of doing business in Saudi Arabia. 1 Table.
From the Paper "I. Executive Summary
This analysis details how Jot-It, Inc. is an El Monte-based manufacturer of pocket and desktop calendars and organizers that is competing in the United States with Day Runner, Time Minder, and other similar products has a distinct market niche in the Saudi Arabian market, one which involves a modification of the printed templates which are the basis of the company's extensive product line.
This report focuses on the one element of the Jot-It line that would prohibit successful entry -- the differences between the Islamic and the Julian calendars -- and shows the way that this problem can be overcome, thereby assuring good market entry. Information on a translation company which has also provided the lowest bid for the conversion work is included in the problem analysis. "
Abstract This paper looks at how the Aztec people took their religion very seriously and how they were one of the first groups of people to make up their own calendar and how they worshiped hundreds of gods and goddesses. It discusses some of their beliefs and rituals and evaluates how the importance of the gods and goddesses as well as the importance and significance of calendars are incorporated into these religious beliefs.
Outline
The Religion of the Aztecs
Introduction
The Aztec Calendar System
Aztec Beliefs
Primary Gods
Rites and Ceremonies
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "Aztecs worshiped in temples that were either round or shaped like pyramids (Gregoire, 2003). Many of these temples had special areas that were used for games and other forms of offerings. These included special courts for playing ball games, and an area with sacrificial stones. The Aztecs normally followed a ritual of purification, then offering, then sacrifice. They believed that sacrifice was intrinsic to the worship of the gods, and that it was a necessity because there could be no new life without death. Death was part of the great circle of life, and the Aztecs had opinions about what happened to a person when they died. According to the Aztecs, where you went in death depended on what you had done in life (Perkin, 10)."
Abstract This paper discusses Sue Monk Kidd's book, "The Secret Life of Bees". The paper introduces the characters of the story and describes how Rosaleen and the 'Calendar sisters' have an impact on Lily by acting as mother figures to her. The paper contends that one of the most powerful aspects of the book is that it does not provide perfect or traditional images of motherhood or female religious faith. The paper illustrates how the book also offers an image of feminine solidarity and strength in a religious fashion as well as in a political fashion.
From the Paper "The central protagonist of Sue Monk Kidd's The Secret Life of Bees is a motherless young girl in the American South named Lily. Instead of her natural mother, an African-American woman named Rosaleen brings up Lily in a difficult household. This fact might seem to plant Sue Monk Kidd's saga squarely in the tradition of Gone with the Wind, and other tales of proud, defiant Southern women raised by complacent and maternal black 'mammies.' But Lily is not 'to the manner born,' like Scarlet O'Hara. Her home is a home of pain rather than comfort and Rosaleen is defiant rather than submissive to the racism of the world around her."
Abstract This paper looks at the U.S. District Court of the Northern District of California and describes nine of the courts' essential functions and the necessity of these functions in order for the courts to continue to operate properly. It concludes with an overview of the subject matter addressed as well as some thoughts from the author.
Outline:
Finance/Accounting
Legal Advocates and Court Interpreters
Technical Support and Litigants
Calendar Clerks and Court Personnel
Conclusion
From the Paper "The court takes advantage of the opportunity of technology in benefits for users and the court. The strategy of using technology in the court will benefit the transacting process by setting standards and guidelines for the systematic implementation and integration of information technology into the courts. The Technical Support and litigants are to support the Court's administration; judicial function and the way the information are delivered. The use of a program called "eCourt" will be used. The eCourt program has a least amount of disruptions and efficiently deliveries the information to the needed destinations. Another advantage of technology in benefits to the court is the use of digital telephone services and video conferencing for the courts. "
Abstract The paper examines the day of the week and the month of the year effects on the stock market in Athens, with the expectation of negative or lower returns on Monday, the highest average returns on Friday and the higher average returns in January. The paper finds insignificant returns on Monday, but significant positive and higher average returns on Friday. The paper reaches the conclusion that the Athens stock market might not be characterized by market efficiency, as calendar anomalies are present. The paper includes graphs and tables as appendices to the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
Methodology
Data
Results
Conclusion
From the Paper "Many studies and researches have been made in calendar effects. One of them is the study of Aggarwal and Tandon (1994) test the day-of-the week found that Monday returns are negative in thirteen countries, but are significant only in seven countries. Also they found that Friday returns are significantly positive in almost all countries. Agathee (2008) examined the day of the week effect, who finds positive and significant ordinary least squares regression coefficients on Mondays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays, but however Fridays returns are the highest. Mills et al. (2000) haven't found Monday effect , but a Tuesday effect similar to other papers is presented. Aggarwal and Rivoli (1989) find that Monday and Tuesday returns are lower than the overall average, while the Friday returns are higher, as also the volatility measured by the standard deviation is highest on Mondays."
A look at the characteristics of Mayan civilization prior to the Spanish conquest, according to Diego de Landa's account "Yucatan Before and After the Conquest".
Abstract This paper describes Mayan civilization prior to the Spanish conquest, basing its description on Diego de Landa's book "Yucatan Before and After the Conquest" where he details much of what we know about the Mayan culture today. The paper focuses on Diego de Landa's depiction of probably the two most important traits of the Mayan civilization; their art and architecture. The paper also looks at the Mayan civilization's hieroglyphs, as well as their intellectual tools such as calendars and astronomy.
From the Paper "The translator of the book, William Gates, points out in his introduction that de Landa "burned ninety-nine times as much knowledge of Maya history and sciences as he has given us in his book." Therefore, it is wise to read the text with the author's background in mind. Nevertheless, this work remains a fascinating account of Native American life at the time of the Spanish conquest. The primary characteristics of the Maya culture were undoubtedly captured by De Landa, who in his book, describes the flora and fauna-such as his account of the manatees-as well as clothing, culinary arts, and musical instruments. His description of the gradual "Europeanization" of the younger Indian generations is fascinating and helpful in understanding the further course of history in those regions. Finally, he depicts what are probably the two most important traits of the Maya civilization, their art and architecture."
Abstract The paper comments that there is increasing popularity in the year-round school programs that are seen as an alternative to the traditional ten-month school calendar. This alternative is seen as necessary in order to match the educational superiority of economically leading countries such as Japan which have longer school days than that of the United States. The paper states that both educational experts and parents have very different views about this new concept. Debates have often been held concerning whether or not there is a need for this alternative school schedule. The paper relates that educational experts and parents that are in favor believe that there are academic benefits to be obtained because of the continuous schedule of learning. In addition, the paper states that there are also parents believe that it is psychologically healthy that children should have their normal summer break in order for them to get away from the demands of school. This paper gives an overview of what this new concept of a year-round school calendar or an extended year program is all about and enumerates both the positive and the negative aspects of this new alternative school schedule.
Outline:
Year-Round Education
Benefits of Year-round Education
Conclusion
From the Paper "Students tend to forget a lot during long summer vacations and it is harder to instill the knowledge back to them after long vacations. Shorter vacations for students might be able to increase the students' retention rates of previously-learned knowledge. It was found out that most students would experience about 4% regression over the long summer vacation. The regression rate is almost the same for students with mild learning handicaps and regular students. A study also showed that the recoupment rate of students with mild handicaps is much slower than regular students. Regression is the loss of knowledge while recoupment is the re-installation or re-learning of the loss knowledge."
Abstract This paper discusses the complex religion of Roman Paganism. The paper describes the basis of Roman superstition -that certain acts would incur the wrath of the gods and explains the Roman religious calendars in relation to the Roman paganistic festival and rites. Although this religion might seem highly complex, the author explains how the Romans were also highly spiritual as they were dependent on religion for everything they did. Sacrifices as part of the rights and rituals of the Romans are also discussed. A list of the forty-six public gods that the Romans worshipped is included with the paper.
Outline:
The Beliefs of Roman Pagans
The Gods of Rome
Superstition & the Gods
Roman Mythology: "Romulus & Remus"
The Organization of Roman Paganism
The Roman Religious Calendars Boundaries of Worship
The Practice of Roman Paganism
Sacrifice
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Romans worshipped numerous gods. In cities throughout Rome, many more deities were added throughout the centuries. They were usually local gods. Each city had its own set of local god. The number and names of the local gods are not known. In addition to their local gods, the Romans had a universal 'list' of forty-six of public deities to whom they served and prayed to. Each separate god or goddess had power in their own specific field; thus, they were worshipped based on the aspect of life over which they 'ruled."
Abstract A brief overview of the Aztec Indians, who inhabited modern-day Mexico until the discovery of America. Includes an overview of their religion and calendar system.
From the Paper "The poem above depicts Aztec life as a dismal existence; yet, before the invasion of Spanish conquistadors the Aztec Empire rivaled the beauty and technology of any civilization in history. At the time of its demise at the hands of the Spanish, the capital city alone was inhabited by over ninety thousand people; this was twice the size of London at the same time."
Abstract This paper examines why it is necessary to learn algebra. It shows its everyday uses and importance. It uses some basic examples such as calculating the miles per gallon of a car, and solving a calendar riddle.
From the paper:
"Algebra is simply the branch of mathematics in which the operations and procedures of addition and multiplication are applied to variables rather than specific numbers. It is also probably the subject about which schoolchildren are most likely to ask the question: What good will this ever do me when I get out of school. This paper puts forth three different answers to that eternal question of what good will algebra do me?"
Abstract This paper analyzes the financial movement of the Euro vs. the dollar during the calender year 2001. It looks at the efforts by the European Central bank to maintain stability and what measures it is taking. It also describes the difficulties in the financial markets of late due to economic insecurity and how this has had an effect on these currencies' movements.
From the paper:
"The future of the euro vis-?-vis the dollar is naturally of concern to the this foreign currency management department of this bank given the potential to disruption in the U.S. economy at large if the euro experiences substantial fluctuations as well as the potential disruption to the activities to this particular bank that such changes in the status of this currency vis-?-vis the dollar might portend. In this regard, it is important to note that the future of the euro is actually somewhat brighter now than it was at the beginning of this calendar year."
Examines historical, Biblical, theological & spiritual bases & significance of times & days of major Christian holidays, sacraments, cycles, rituals, events in life of Jesus.
4,500 words (approx. 18 pages), 13 sources, 1996, $ 135.95
From the Paper " As Christianity grew from its earliest days as a sect within Judaism to its position as a truly world religion, so, too, did its observation of events based on the life and work of Jesus of Nazareth. The Christian church has, from it earliest foundation, worshipped according to a religious (or, liturgical) calendar which owes its origin to that of the Hebrews. Indeed, virtually all of the major events involving Jesus' earthly ministry are marked against the background of the Jewish calendar. According to Hickman, et al., although at least one of the Eastern religions accounts little or nor historicity according to a definite timeline,
we realize just how crucial time is to Christian faith. . . For Christianity, the ultimate meanings of life are not"
Abstract This paper explores the perception of time in Africa and how it is the determining factor for the means of economic production. The paper illustrates that the perception of time in an industrialized society is quantitative, and that time is qualitative in a non-industrial society. It traces the perception of the concept of time in Africa, and shows the European racial prejudices towards the intellect of the indigenous populations in the colonized regions of Africa.
From the Paper "Time is a foundational factor in every culture. The perception of time is different for most cultures and the determining factor to those differences is often based on the means of production. ?Most cultures have some concept of time, although the way they deal with time may differ fundamentally.? (Kokole 1994, 35) Tracing the perception of the concept of time in Africa can be seen as tracing the European racial prejudices of the intellect of the indigenous populations in the colonized regions of Africa. Much of the information regarding the development of time concepts in African culture is colonial and based on the European interlopers recorded ideas. Some of those recorded ideas are those of missionaries and others are those of capitalist adventurers, with the intermittent mark of a very few true historians. "
From the Paper "No other people in history made of time so great a fetish as the Maya (Coggins, 1979; von Hagen, 1961). Without doubt, time - and man's perception of it - has played an important role in the development of civilizations throughout the world (Thompson, 1966). The pre-Columbian Mayan civilization was no exception to the general rule. Instead, it raised the science of time-keeping via the calendar to a level of accomplishment that was as accurate as the sophisticated, verified calculations of today. The question immediately raised, of course, is: Why? Why such a preoccupation with time? With record-keeping? With such single-minded attention to accuracy that the Mayans devised not one but three calendar systems? The answer, not surprisingly for a civilization that never progressed technologically into the post-Stone Age, lies in agriculture."
