Abstract
This essay analyzes the inspiration and creation of the calculator. It also discusses the positives and negatives of calculator use, emphasizing its use in classrooms. It also discusses how this invention has impacted society.

From the Paper
"Blaise Pascal received credit for inventing the first digital calculator in 1642. After Pascal observed the tedious processes his father underwent in order to complete his taxes, he was determined to invent a helpful tool. Pascal invented the Pascaline, which was a numerical wheel calculator that consisted of eight movable dials that added up to eight figured long sums and used base ten. When the first dial (one's column) moved ten notches " the second dial moved one notch to represent the ten's column reading of 10 " and when the ten dial moved ten notches the third dial (hundred's column) moved one notch to represent one hundred, and so on. As technology progressed so did the calculating devices. The first electronic desktop calculator was invented in 1961 and the first handheld calculator was introduced to the world April of 1970. Ever since its creation, the calculator has significantly perpetuated our dependence on technology as well as alter our everyday lives on unimaginable levels."

Tags:blaise, pascal, technology

Abstract
Focusing on public school age children, this paper argues that basic numeracy must be first taught before calculators are used in these schools. Subsequently, the introduction of calculators is essential for practical reasons of productivity and also, surprisingly, because they facilitate abstract conceptualization of mathematics.

Abstract
This paper examines the statement that gross domestic product (GDP) provides neither an accurate nor an in-depth understanding of a nation's economic status and its population's living standards. It discusses Qatar, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates and Equatorial Guinea compared to the US, UK and France as cases in point that calculating development in terms of per capita GDP leads to a distorted view of the developmental status of nations and their populations.

From the Paper
"Even though GDP and GDP per capita fail to provide an accurate picture of a country's economic and developmental status and most certainly do not reflect the standards of living enjoyed by populations in question, the measurement has its uses. It may not accurately calculate standards of living and economic well-being but it is an indicator of the size of an economy (Ezcurra, 2007). Through the calculation of the monetary value of the goods and services which are produced within the economy and the financial exchanges which occur therein, the measure quite accurately conveys the size of the economy and by calculating the said size in relation to per capita income, it functions as an indicator of whether or not the economy has the capacity to sustain and maintain its population or not (Ezcurra, 2007). Therefore, even while conceding to its limitations and shortcomings, it is important to clarify that the measure has value and significance."

Tags:value statistics growth, quality of life

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of the economic value of human life. The writer takes the reader on an exploratory journey through several methods used to calculate that value as well as other theories about calculating that value.

From the Paper
"Worldwide it has been said that people are becoming more materialistic than ever before. It seems that everything now has a tangible value that can be computed in dollars and cents. Insurance companies want a dollar value placed on the most sentimental items one owns, while things once belonging to celebrities command a high fee at auctions and promotions. In addition to individual items being assessed individual values, abstract ideas are also assigned values through dollars. Consultants, writers, and others are paid for their ideas and their intellectual property in the same way that someone purchases a new couch for the living room. Throughout history people have placed value on tangible and intangible items but the one thing remaining just out of accountable reach is the economic value marker of human life. For many years experts and lay people have debated the worth of human life with little success. While the efforts will continue in the future, it will be difficult to answer the question. Human life has so many subjective variables that placing a dollar worth on human life always remains just out of reach. Before one can place a tangible value on human life one must be able to identify the variables to be measured for comparison and value placement. The inability to agree with what elements should be included places a burden on the effort to choose an economic value on human life."

Tags:materialistic

Abstract
This paper examines in detail the impact of our lifestyles on the environment, with a focus on how individuals can calculate their personal carbon footprint and impact change on the planet's health. The paper addresses current environmental concerns, such as climate change, and how our greenhouse gases have influenced this phenomenon. The paper continues by showing how individuals can reduce their carbon footprint, and presents these in a detailed list format. Primary and secondary carbon footprints are defined, with options presented as to how to reduce both. The paper concludes by stating that if everyone does their part to reduce their own carbon footprint it will benefit the entire planet in the long run.

From the Paper
"To calculate a personal carbon footprint, you need to know what emissions to include and what to exclude. You use miles traveled, distances, electricity usage, gas usage, kilowatt hours, and type of automobile you drive. These things will give you a good sense of your personal footprint. But in order to get a completely accurate picture you must also include your lifestyle which has an impact on the amount of greenhouse gas you produce. One example that you might take into account would be the amount of greenhouse gas that is released as a result of food production. If you partake in a meat diet the amounts of greenhouse gases are far more than if you are vegetarian."

Tags:emissions, greenhouse gases, primary footprint, fossil fuels

Abstract
"Since AR is defined as the proportion of subjects in each group that is oriented and/ or confused the EER and CER are used to calculate the ARR which is the difference between the EER and CER. The experimental group has a larger oriented population while the controlled group has a lesser oriented population. The relative risk (RR) is the ratio of the risk of one group versus that of another group. The odd ratio (OR) was less for the controlled group and higher for the experimental group. The Number Needed to Treat (NNT) is half the OR."

From the Paper
Internal and External Design Validity Clinical Significance 1. Hypothetical Situation: +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Ambient Lighting | Control Group | Experimental group | |-----------------------+-----------------------+------------------------| | Absolute Risk | 240 oriented/60 | 270 oriented/30 | | | confused | confused | |-----------------------+-----------------------+------------------------| | Bright Light (ON) | .25 CER | .11 EER | |-----------------------+-----------------------+------------------------|

Tags:questions, and, answers

Abstract
This paper considers the calculation in Poe's art, both in his poetry and in his fiction. The paper examines the calculation in terms of rationalism being imposed on Romantic literature and looks at how Poe takes the Gothic genre, which is characterized by feeling, and aspires towards a calculated effect instead. The paper relates that by doing this, Poe reinvents the genre and makes it much more powerful. The poem "The Raven", and the short stories "The Fall of the House of Usher" and "The Tell-Tale Heart", are examined in order to illustrate the paper's point.

From the Paper
"He made the greatest impact on literature, both in America and abroad, through his short stories. If the novel was the key invention of the 18th century, then the key literary invention of the 19th century was the short story, and it was Poe who finally perfected the medium. According to Poe's definition, the short story is a piece of fiction entirely calculated for the effect on the reader at the denouement. Before this point nobody had written short fiction under such strict measures, and in the process of composing his short stories Poe was laying down the outlines for the genre that were to become the norm. The principal guideline that Poe stressed was the "unity of effect or impression" (Essays, 571). The Fall of the House of Usher is a perfect example. Poe was impatient with the use of metaphor in literature, but he cannot avoid it, because the fall which the story describes is a metaphorical fall of the Usher dynasty. "

Tags:Gothic, Romanticism, raven, fall, house, usher, tell-tale, heart

Abstract
This paper addresses the concept and determinants of present value and the discount factors that affect businesses. The paper presents a two-part case study. Part I addresses a series of discount rate calculation issues. Part II then discusses the writer's analysis of two companies to determine which company would have the lowest discount rates based upon several determinants outlined in the study material.

Table of Contents:
Part I
Part II

From the Paper
"Sirius has a massive cost structure - 2006 cash operating expenses (not including depreciation and non-cash compensation) were $414 million. The management's effectiveness was terrible with a negative 20 percent return on assets. The company's Q4 and full year 2006 financial results are mind-blowing. The year-over-year quarterly revenue growths were 141 percent however the net income was a negative $1.1B. Over the past 12 months, the stock price for Sirius Satellite Inc. had a significant change of minus 35 percent. Thus the volatility of the stock is large with a negative change over the past 52 months. Although Sirius Satellite Inc works in a more dynamic industry where the risks are higher, the growth expectations are expected to be higher next year. With Mercedes expediting installation of radios in a high percentage of their cars and the projected merger with XM Radio Inc., the future for Sirius looks better. One of the major risks of management effectiveness has been haunting Sirius for many years. This risk needs serious attention and mitigation steps are required to heal this wound."

Tags:depreciation, assets, volatility

Abstract
The paper discusses how contemporary management must employ ever more accurate means in order to identify the strongest investment strategies for companies or, alternatively, for managers and investors to determine a sound investment target. The paper explains that when a company is faced with several investment opportunities or a manager must make an investment decision where the cost of a company's becomes an important consideration, he or she must employ one or more analytical devices to ascertain the most appropriate method (Van Horne & Wachowicz). The paper describes how there are numerous analytical devices that can assist managers with making such investment decisions such as employing a weighted average method similar to the Weighted Average Cost of Capital or WACC tool or, alternatively, a technique known as the Time Value of Money or TVM method as well as identifying the relevant opportunity costs.

From the Paper
"Contemporary management must employ ever more accurate means in order to identify the strongest investment strategies for companies or, alternatively, for managers and investors to determine a sound investment target. When a company is faced with several investment opportunities or a manager must make an investment decision where the cost of a company's becomes an important consideration, he or she must employ one or more analytical devices to ascertain the most appropriate method (Van Horne & Wachowicz). There are numerous analytical devices that can assist managers..."

Tags:calculating, cost, equity

Abstract
This paper looks at hydrates, and how to calculate their water content. It calculates the water content for copper sulfate hydrate and magnesium chloride hydrate.

From the Paper
" A hydrate is a type of salt containing water within its crystal structure. In this experiment the mass percent of water in a hydrate was determined by heating a sample of the hydrate to remove the water and then comparing the mass of the sample before and after heating. From this the empirical formula of the hydrated salt was determined. This was carried out for copper sulfate hydrate CuSO XH O and for magnesium chloride hydrate MgCl XH O. A crucible was weighed to the..."

Tags:hydrates