Abstract
This paper describes the need and benefits of calcium in our lives and discusses the detrimental or negative effects of overusing calcium resources.

From the Paper
"It is obvious, the impact that calcium compounds have on our world today. It goes without saying that our lives would be very different without them. They are an essential mineral to maintain health, and an important component of many things that we need to make our lives better.
However, all of this convenience is not without cost."

Tags:health, mining, industry, mortar, bones, hard, water, calcium, compounds

Abstract
This paper presents a brief overview of the benefits of dietary supplementation, with a specific focus on calcium supplements. The writer takes a positive view of supplements, provided the supplementation takes into consideration the individual's biology and lifestyle needs. The author also recommends that the supplements are dispensed with clear labeling and in conjunction with a health professional.

From the Paper
"Perhaps one of the reasons there is such confusion about the issue of supplementation is the broad, sweeping claims made by popular manufactures of supplements, which promise generic cure-alls rather than sound advice. Not every woman may need iron supplements, if she eats fortified grain cereals and eats red meat. The personal and inexact science of creating an ideal diet, tailored to the individual, must be communicated on supplement labels by law. The current nutritional labels that give guidelines for generic 2,000-calorie diets for daily requirements, regardless of age, background, lifestyle, and quite often gender, are often misleading."

Tags:dietary, supplements, calcium, vitamins

Abstract
This paper explains that steroids are a controlled substance, which can both help and harm the user. The author examines the current issue of anabolic steroid use among individuals seeking to use them as performance enhancers to improve athletic performance and physical appearance. The paper relates the history of steroid use, its prevalence among professional athlete, and the potential hazards to one's health.

From the Paper
"Steroids are controlled substances. For that reason, there is a great potential danger in their use. It is quite common for individuals to become addicted to steroids and even suffer some serious side effects. Unfortunately, steroids have gained some notoriety in recent years because professional athletes use steroids to improve their performances and effectively cheat. Obviously, steroids should be banned from professional sports and the players strictly screened for possible use. However, steroids can have benefits and should be available to the general public, though in a controlled fashion."

Tags:steroid, use, benefits

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the risks of teen steroid use and explains how high school coaches can help mitigate the problem.

From the Paper
"Teen steroid abuse is a dangerous trend that high school coaches maybe able to offer solutions for. Known as roids juice hype or pump anabolic steroids are man-made substances that act like the male sex hormone testosterone. "Although steroids are only available legally by a doctor's prescription to treat certain conditions they are available on the black market and are taken by some teens to enhance performance and also to improve physical appearance."

Tags:high school coach, teen, steroids, drugs, drug abuse, steroid abuse, athlete, youth

Abstract
This paper examines the cultural competence approach as a means of helping teens curb steroid abuse.

From the Paper
"Steroid abuse is a problem that has increasingly been in the news as athletes on steroids have been involved in murder suicides and other 'road rage' -related events. Dr. Priscilla Choi, a former power lifter who now lectures on health psychology, explains that taken over time and in high doses, steroids may possibly bring about significant adverse personality changes in some users, resulting in such incidents as fights in bars, insults traded at the gym, domestic violence, sudden irrational acts and angry blow-ups."

Tags:steroid, teen, adolescent, drug abuse, drug use, cultural competence, American, Mexican, culture

Abstract
Osteoporosis has been estimated to afflict from five to twenty million people in the United States alone. It is the principal cause of skeletal fractures in the elderly. The paper shows that while consuming enough calcium is important, bone health is more than just a matter of getting enough calcium in your diet. The paper examines what medical science knows about calcium and bone, and what it does not know about the disease, and overall bone health. The paper addresses five areas: calcium and bone, calcium nutrition, illnesses caused by insufficient calcium, suggested calcium intakes and, lastly, osteoporosis and calcium.

From the Paper
"Osteoporosis is a silent disease and there might not be symptoms until a bone breaks and the condition is recognized after the incident on x-rays. The first sign may be hip or low back pain, or painful swelling of a wrist after a fall. Persons who fall into the risk factor groups should do all they can to avoid these symptoms by eating well and exercising. It is best to prevent the disease by building sturdy bones in childhood, but there are other steps you can take. Your peak bone mass is reached during your twenties and thirties so get regular weight bearing exercise, such as walking. In addition, get plenty of calcium in your diet and if need be use supplements. The average American diet contains about five hundred milligrams a day, but one thousand milligrams a day is recommended and needed. Do not smoke, and drink alcohol only in moderation. If you are at risk of developing osteoporosis and are nearing menopause, talk with your doctor about estrogen or other hormone replacement therapies."

Tags:Vitamin, D, bone, phosphate

Abstract
This paper provides a literature review of calcium pumps in the body. It discusses the vital actions of calcium pumps and describes how they work. The paper also discusses the factors that effect the efficiency of calcium pumps and what causes their function to be reduced. The paper specifically focuses on age-related diseases and how they effect the efficiency of calcium pumps.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Discussion and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Calcium ions are released to allow muscles to contract and perform its vital functions in life. But these muscles must also relax and calcium pumps perform that balancing function. Studies conducted on newborns and their mothers have shown that optimally functioning calcium pumps reduced the occurrence of toxicity from lead and mercury. Calcium pumps, however, tend to become less efficient with age and disease. When one ages, his fuel and energy level decrease. Age-related diseases set in. Calcium pumps require optimal levels of fuel and energy to continue performing efficiently. Aging dents these levels. These calcium pumps also reach their maximum capacity with age. And poorly performing calcium pumps may contribute to disease through their failure to reduce calcium levels brought about by contractions. Cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer can develop as a consequence. A disturbance in the performance of calcium pumps, therefore, can result in any of these serious or fatal conditions."

Tags:sarcoplasmic reticulum, muscle contraction ion

Abstract
This paper examines how calcium is a crucial component of the function of the nervous, cardiac and musculoskeletal system and how there are often stresses on the calcium levels in the plasma as various systems require more calcium than normal. It focuses on the regulation of the total body calcium levels, the mechanisms and levels of complexity involved as well as touching on some of the clinical conditions that arise when this system does not function effectively.

From the Paper
"The importance of the PTH secretion is evident in deficient systems. In hypoparathyroidism, not enough PTH is present to respond adequately to the fall in Ca. This tends to cause hypocalcaemic problems, including tetany. This is also true for pseudohypoparathyroidism, where there is a defect bin the PTH receptors, preventing the PTH from having an effect. There are also problems associated with excess PTH causing hypercalcaemia. These conditions include hyperparathyroidism arising from tumours that secrete excess PTH. These patients not only have hypercalcaemia, but often have osteoporosis, urinary stones and sluggish CNS."

Tags:ca2, calcitonin, hormone, hypercalcaemia, osteoblast, osteocyte, parathyroid, ricketts, vitamin

Abstract
This research paper explores questions such as what are steroids, the types of steroids, who uses steroids, the effect it has on people's body and minds, risks involved in taking steroids, and signs that people are using them. It also narrates examples of professional athletes in professional football, and baseball who have used steroids and how the drug has affected them.

Table of Contents:
Section I. Introduction
Section II. Review of Literature
Controversies of the Sports World
Tough Choices: A Book about Substance Abuse
Use of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids in Adolescence: Winning, Looking Good or Being Bad
Athletes and Steroids: Playing a Deadly Game
Anabolic Steroid Abuse
Admissions Before BALCO Grand Jury Detailed
Romanowski: I Broke RB's Finger, Took Steroids, Damaged Brain
The Demonization of Anabolic Steroids I: What Makes These Hormones So Evil
Section III. Summary and Conclusion
What are Steroids
Types of Steroids
Who Uses Steroids
Reasons for Steroid Abuse
Performance Enhancement in Sports
Increasing Muscle Size
Problem Behavior
How Are Anabolic Steroids Used?

From the Paper
"Putnam discusses the dangers of using steroids but also presents the alternative view of some people who argue that performance-enhancing drugs should be permitted in sports. Supporters of steroid use in sports, although small in number, argue that athletes are fully entitled to seek competitive advantages over their opponents and use of steroid is akin to using better equipment, better coaches, or better training programs. They also contend that the harmful side effects of steroids have been exaggerated. The author sees a subtle trend of leniency towards drug use by sport authorities and believes that drug use in sports would continue as long as medical science makes such performance enhancing drugs available (pp. 124-126)."

Tags:athletic, runner, basketball, overdose, performance, enhancement

Abstract
This paper presents a case study of a woman who suffers from osteoporosis. The paper discusses the mechanisms that are at play in the patient's condition and the signs and symptoms that the patient displays. The paper presents the information about the disease as if speaking to the patient. It then discusses potential treatment options for this patient.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Direct Explanations to the Patient
Education
Coordination of Care

From the Paper
"What kind of follow-up or specialty referral is needed for this patient? If she has very severe osteoporosis, a history of transplant or appears to be unable to tolerate the treatment, then referral to a specialist in osteoporosis may be in order and this appointment should be arranged before the patient leaves the hospital. If she has no complicating factors, then it should be made clear how she should follow up. She will need re-evaluation at least yearly to look at her compliance to the medication regimen as well as evaluation for any new fractures or complications from the medications. She should have her bone mineral density evaluated at least once per year until her density appears stable, and then every two years after that. Periodic blood test for calcium levels and liver/kidney function should be done and can be arranged via her primary care provider. Mrs. Woods should be given an appointment for follow-up with her general practitioner after her hospitalization in any case, just to review the changes in her medication regimen and to re-enforce all that she has learned while she was in the hospital."

Tags:bone density, calcium steroid