Abstract
This paper explains the importance of calcium in a child's diet and takes a look at the calcium intake and needs of children and adolescents. The paper summarizes a study on fracture rates vs. milk consumption, on adolescent bone mineral density and on calcium in vegan diets and then looks at dietary factors which affect calcium intake, absorption and calcium loss.

From the Paper
"Calcium intake in children may be insufficient for their needs, as their bones are growing and a study by Goulding et al showed that children who avoided drinking cow's milk for prolonged periods and did not consume calcium-rich food substitutes had low bone mineral densities. Low bone density combined with a high body weight increases the risk of bone fractures during growth when children are more prone to such fractures. Optimal bone growth cannot take place without sufficient calcium intake and in the Western countries dairy products are..."

Tags:calcium, bone mineral density, osteoporosis, osteopenia, osteogenesis

Abstract
This paper describes the need and benefits of calcium in our lives and discusses the detrimental or negative effects of overusing calcium resources.

From the Paper
"It is obvious, the impact that calcium compounds have on our world today. It goes without saying that our lives would be very different without them. They are an essential mineral to maintain health, and an important component of many things that we need to make our lives better.
However, all of this convenience is not without cost."

Tags:health, mining, industry, mortar, bones, hard, water, calcium, compounds

Abstract
This paper presents a brief overview of the benefits of dietary supplementation, with a specific focus on calcium supplements. The writer takes a positive view of supplements, provided the supplementation takes into consideration the individual's biology and lifestyle needs. The author also recommends that the supplements are dispensed with clear labeling and in conjunction with a health professional.

From the Paper
"Perhaps one of the reasons there is such confusion about the issue of supplementation is the broad, sweeping claims made by popular manufactures of supplements, which promise generic cure-alls rather than sound advice. Not every woman may need iron supplements, if she eats fortified grain cereals and eats red meat. The personal and inexact science of creating an ideal diet, tailored to the individual, must be communicated on supplement labels by law. The current nutritional labels that give guidelines for generic 2,000-calorie diets for daily requirements, regardless of age, background, lifestyle, and quite often gender, are often misleading."

Tags:dietary, supplements, calcium, vitamins

Abstract
Osteoporosis has been estimated to afflict from five to twenty million people in the United States alone. It is the principal cause of skeletal fractures in the elderly. The paper shows that while consuming enough calcium is important, bone health is more than just a matter of getting enough calcium in your diet. The paper examines what medical science knows about calcium and bone, and what it does not know about the disease, and overall bone health. The paper addresses five areas: calcium and bone, calcium nutrition, illnesses caused by insufficient calcium, suggested calcium intakes and, lastly, osteoporosis and calcium.

From the Paper
"Osteoporosis is a silent disease and there might not be symptoms until a bone breaks and the condition is recognized after the incident on x-rays. The first sign may be hip or low back pain, or painful swelling of a wrist after a fall. Persons who fall into the risk factor groups should do all they can to avoid these symptoms by eating well and exercising. It is best to prevent the disease by building sturdy bones in childhood, but there are other steps you can take. Your peak bone mass is reached during your twenties and thirties so get regular weight bearing exercise, such as walking. In addition, get plenty of calcium in your diet and if need be use supplements. The average American diet contains about five hundred milligrams a day, but one thousand milligrams a day is recommended and needed. Do not smoke, and drink alcohol only in moderation. If you are at risk of developing osteoporosis and are nearing menopause, talk with your doctor about estrogen or other hormone replacement therapies."

Tags:Vitamin, D, bone, phosphate

Abstract
This paper provides a literature review of calcium pumps in the body. It discusses the vital actions of calcium pumps and describes how they work. The paper also discusses the factors that effect the efficiency of calcium pumps and what causes their function to be reduced. The paper specifically focuses on age-related diseases and how they effect the efficiency of calcium pumps.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Discussion and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Calcium ions are released to allow muscles to contract and perform its vital functions in life. But these muscles must also relax and calcium pumps perform that balancing function. Studies conducted on newborns and their mothers have shown that optimally functioning calcium pumps reduced the occurrence of toxicity from lead and mercury. Calcium pumps, however, tend to become less efficient with age and disease. When one ages, his fuel and energy level decrease. Age-related diseases set in. Calcium pumps require optimal levels of fuel and energy to continue performing efficiently. Aging dents these levels. These calcium pumps also reach their maximum capacity with age. And poorly performing calcium pumps may contribute to disease through their failure to reduce calcium levels brought about by contractions. Cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer can develop as a consequence. A disturbance in the performance of calcium pumps, therefore, can result in any of these serious or fatal conditions."

Tags:sarcoplasmic reticulum, muscle contraction ion

Abstract
This paper examines how calcium is a crucial component of the function of the nervous, cardiac and musculoskeletal system and how there are often stresses on the calcium levels in the plasma as various systems require more calcium than normal. It focuses on the regulation of the total body calcium levels, the mechanisms and levels of complexity involved as well as touching on some of the clinical conditions that arise when this system does not function effectively.

From the Paper
"The importance of the PTH secretion is evident in deficient systems. In hypoparathyroidism, not enough PTH is present to respond adequately to the fall in Ca. This tends to cause hypocalcaemic problems, including tetany. This is also true for pseudohypoparathyroidism, where there is a defect bin the PTH receptors, preventing the PTH from having an effect. There are also problems associated with excess PTH causing hypercalcaemia. These conditions include hyperparathyroidism arising from tumours that secrete excess PTH. These patients not only have hypercalcaemia, but often have osteoporosis, urinary stones and sluggish CNS."

Tags:ca2, calcitonin, hormone, hypercalcaemia, osteoblast, osteocyte, parathyroid, ricketts, vitamin

Abstract
This paper explains that calcium consumption is critical for proper nourishment and bone development in elementary school-age children. The author points out that promotion of the importance of calcium consumption in early elementary years is critical; school nutrition programs and parents are the most likely authority figures that influence children's nutritional habits at the elementary level. The paper presents a literature review, which concludes that school-based nutrition programs are the most effective in promoting milk consumption perceptions, followed by parental input and feedback.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Analysis/Literature Review
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Calcium can be found in many green vegetables and fortified breads and cereals, but typically, elementary aged children resist consumption of sufficient quantities of such materials. Some studies have also indicated that minerals such as calcium and phosphorus are more likely to be absorbed from milk than other calcium alternatives. Later in life, adults are also more likely to drink milk than eat a variety of green leafy vegetables if they have been exposed to the nutritional benefits of milk consumption early in life. By including calcium consumption via milk drinking in school meals, scholastic nutritional programs have a mechanism for providing and promoting better health and wellness among students."

Tags:leafy, bone, feedback, habit, wellness

Abstract
This paper discusses how research has shown that there is a direct correlation between bone condition in an individual's juvenile and mature years and subsequent susceptibility to osteoporosis-related fractures. In particular, the paper looks at how the interventions that are being investigated to reduce osteoporosis-related health risks and to improve general bone health is diet and supplements of vitamin D and calcium.

Outline:
Health, Vitamin D and Calcium
Interventions
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The focus on osteoporosis prevention in turn has improved market performance of foods. Klotter (2005) points out that among all nutrients, calcium is among the most advocated by retails products. These include not only dairy-related products but vegetables, fruits and exercise activities as well. Whereas there has been some counter-marketing against dairy products because of their fat content and fears of contamination from diseases in the 1990's, they have gained better regard in consideration of their value in preventing osteoporosis (Heaney et al, 2000). The opinion is one that Klotter (2005) also recognizes in the course of her study of the impact of initiatives against osteoporosis in health as well as industrial markets today."

Tags:nutrients, fractures, bones

Abstract
This paper presents a nursing research study on the effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on female, high school cross country runners. The paper begins with a scientific rationale for the study regarding the risk of stress fractures in runners. It then goes on to describe the method and procedure for the study, as well as the benefits and risks associated with participation in the study.

Table of Contents:
Overview of Study Scientific Rationale and Purpose
Who Is Eligible To Be In The Study; What Type Of Patients Will Be Involved?
Where And When The Study Will Be Conducted And The Length Of Commitment
What Tests Or Procedures Will The Study Involve? Do They Have Risks? Will They Cause Pain Or Discomfort (Physical Or Mental)?
Anticipated Benefits And Risks Of Taking Part In The Study
Who Will Have Access To The Study Information, And What Is The Plan For Protecting The Information?
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

From the Paper
"Stress fractures are small cracks in the shaft of a bone caused by overuse or excessive physical stress. "About sixty-nine percent of stress fractures occur in runners," the rest in recent military recruits ("Stress Fractures," 2006, Mass General Hospital for Children). 21 per cent of female recruits are reported to suffer from this form of injury. ("Calcium, vitamin D may reduce stress fracture risk," 2007, NutraIngredients). "Predisposing factors include running after a period of inactivity, change in the running surface, poor training and inadequate shoes," as well as weakened bones because of inadequate diet or poor bone density ("Stress Fractures," 2006, Mass General Hospital for Children). Frequent dieters may also be at higher risk for stress fractures caused by osteoporosis, regardless of their weight, as the body compensates for the decreased caloric intake by reducing its bone-building functions (DeNoon, 2006)."

Tags:estrogen, overuse, osteoporosis

Abstract
This paper analyzes Atorvastatin Calcium, which is one of the most utilized and dependable statins available. The paper particularly focuses on the effect that this statin has on the human physiology. It describes effects such as its ability to significantly reduce LDL C levels.

Tags:atorvastatin, pharmacology, physiology