Abstract
"Sculpture is an expression of the world reshaped in wood, stone, or some other material in three-dimensional form. Sculptors express themselves differently in this form of art in different times periods. Sometimes sculptors are reflecting community concerns and using these materials as a form of magic or religious expression and sometimes as a personal expression of deep-seated views of how humans relate to the world.

From the Paper
"Sculpture is an expression of the world reshaped in wood, stone, or some other material in three-dimensional form. Sculptors express themselves differently in this form of art in different times periods. Sometimes sculptors are reflecting community concerns and using these materials as a form of magic or religious expression and sometimes as a personal expression of deep-seated views of how humans relate to the world. Early sculpting tended to have a magical element, as in ancient fertility images to encourage the having of children, or in images of heroes in later eras to encourage others to have courage as well.

The Cycladic or pre-Greek era is represented at the Getty Museum in California by a number of works, such as the Greek island marble figurine "Harpist," from about 2500 B.C. This is ..."

Abstract
The paper describes how the conflicts between England and France, which began in 1337 and ended in 1453, have been dubbed The Hundred Years' War by modern historians who grouped these conflicts under the same label as a matter of convenience. The paper examines how the long struggle had a powerful effect in strengthening a sense of national identity in both England and France, and also created a mutual antagonism that has lasted ever since. The paper details how England developed a parliamentary democracy and created an empire as an offshore island, separate from the rest of Europe, however the English kings still officially claimed to be kings of France all the way down to George III.

From the Paper
"The basic cause of the war was a dynastic quarrel that began with the conquest of England by William of Normandy, which created a state lying on both sides of the English Channel (Hundred). During the 14th century, the English kings held the duchy of Guienne in France, and they resented paying homage to the French kings and feared the increasing control the French crown exerted over its great feudal vassals (Hundred). The immediate cause of the war were rooted in Edward III of England's dissatisfaction with Philip VI of France and his non-fulfillment of pledges to restore a part of Guienne taken by Charles IV (Hundred). Other major causes were the English attempts to control Flanders, an important market for English wool and a source of cloth, and Philip's support of Scotland against England (Hundred)."

Tags:Philip, of, Valois, Calais, garrison, Mary, Tudor, Burgundian, allies