Abstract
This study discusses the question of whether caffeine actually does stimulate the nervous system in such as way that it improves short-term memory. More specifically, the study supports the hypothesis that a group of male students who drank caffeinated coffee prior to taking a short-term memory test will perform better in terms of accuracy and speed than a group of male students that drank decaffeinated coffee before the test. The focus of the study is on a single research question: "Does caffeine improve the short term memory in male college students?" The paper concludes with an evaluation of the efficacy of the study, noting that, from the results obtained in the study, one cannot determine that caffeine improves short-term memory.

Outline:
Introduction
Understanding Memory
Significance of Study
Hypothesis and Research Questions
Literature Review
Methodology
Results
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Memory refers to the way in which humans store information for retrieval at a later time. Memory is the key to learning. Memory begins with a stimulus that is received through the five senses. The brain receives the message and sorts the data according to similarities and differences to other information that it already has in storage. It categorizes the information and places it in a location so that the information can be retrieved at a later date.
"We have several types of memory, one is short-term memory and the other is long-term memory. Short-term memory might only last for a few minutes. A piece of information must enter short-term memory before it can enter long-term memory (Singleton, 2006). Working memory acts as the central processing hub for short-term memory. A stimulus might involve several types of information coming in. Working memory collects them and integrates them so that they can be forwarded to the proper locations in the brain. One example of working memory might be when a person smells smoke, feels heat, and hears a crackling noise. These pieces of information all come from different sensory organs. The working memory integrates them and sends them to the area of the brain where they will be interpreted (Singleton, 2006). These pieces of information might not mean danger when taken individually, but taken together; they will most likely be interpreted as danger."

Tags:long-term, stimulus, storage, researchers

Abstract
The paper examines research studies concerning the effects of caffeine on dehydration and exercise performance to indicate that caffeine can be beneficial as an ergogenic aid in both athletic training and competition. The paper looks at how Clarkson (1993) notes that although it has no direct effect on maximal oxygen consumption, caffeine supplementation has been shown to increase athletes' endurance in training sessions and can augment power output in simulated race conditions.

From the Paper
"Investigating and critiquing research studies concerning the effects of caffeine on dehydration and exercise performance indicates that caffeine can be beneficial as an ergogenic aid in both athletic training and competition. Clarkson (1993) notes that although it has no direct effect on maximal oxygen consumption,..."

Tags:caffeine, and, athletes

Abstract
The paper explains how caffeine affects the brain, and reveals that caffeine impacts children more than adults. The paper looks at the long term effects of caffeine and how less caffeine can solve some health problems in children. The paper asserts that parents should regulate the soda, coffee, energy drinks and chocolate intake of their children for the benefit of their future.

From the Paper
"When exam time rolls in, it's not a surprise to see college students sluggishly walking with dark circles around their eyes and energy drinks in their hands. What fewer people know is that junior and senior high school students, and even elementary school students, do the same. The soda consumption in teenage boys have tripled and doubled for teenage girls during the last 20 years (Niman, 2002). Soda companies target schools to sell their products. Coca-Cola and Pepsi have paid some school districts up to $11 million dollars to keep their products selling in schools. Parents are also indirectly encouraging children to drink soda; sodas are the number one sellers in grocery stores--11.7 billion annually in sales (Cordes 1998). The high levels of sugar aren't the only problem in sodas; it's the caffeine."

Tags:brain, addiction, stimulants, energy, drinks

Abstract
The paper describes how caffeine increases stimulation of the central nervous system. The paper relates how, if taken in low doses, caffeine is an effective stimulant that can enhance the cognitive functions of memory and attention. The paper points out, however, that a high dosage of caffeine can have undesirable effects such as restlessness, irritability and anxiety.

From the Paper
"Although caffeine can be found naturally in many foods, it can also be found in some non-prescription drugs, such as sleep suppressants, to fight drowsiness (Josephy, 1997; Westen, Burton, & Kowalski, 2006). Caffeine is used as an ingredient in these drugs because of its ability to increase the activity of neurons and other cells by stimulating the central nervous system (Goodenough, Wallace, & McGuire, 1998; Harte et al., 1991). However, caffeine does not act by altering the communication between neurons. Instead, it acts by speeding up the metabolic rate of all cells. This increase in cellular metabolism occurs from the increased production of glucose due to caffeine (Goodenough et al.). Further to this, caffeine blocks adenosine receptors, leading to an increased stimulation of the central nervous system (Smit & Rogers, 2000)."

Tags:neurons, mood, alertness, irritability, anxiety, abstinence, addiction

Abstract
Discusses the ambivalent findings of studies and the theory that caffeine helps athletic performance in endurance sports. Describes how caffeine works in the body, the use of coffee by Americans, in general, and problems of too much caffeine.

From the Paper
"Many people enjoy caffeine because it makes them feel more alert, enhances their energy, improves their mood, and makes them more productive. Athletes often use caffeine to facilitate performance improvement, both in their routine workouts ..."

Abstract
The paper discusses a study which posited that reduced intentional control of persons under the influence of alcohol could be counteracted by caffeine or an environmental incentive such as money. The paper discusses the variables and methodology used and summarizes the conclusions drawn from the experiment. The paper provides an analysis of this experiment and shows how the dual nature of the experiment is problematic to some degree. The paper discusses what the experiment should have tested instead.

Outline:
Hypothesis Tested in the Experiment
The Variables
The Methodology and Procedures Used
Conclusions Drawn from the Experiment
Analysis

From the Paper
"The researchers wondered if the increased chemical stimulation and arousal produced by the pharmacological effect of caffeine or some other environmental reward (such as money) could function to counteract the depressant action of alcohol upon the central nervous system. The researchers believed that caffeine or an external reward could help restore some intentional control of behavior; much in the way some drinkers insist that a cup of coffee has a sobering effect upon their performance behind the wheel of a moving vehicle."

Tags:hypothesis, variables, methodology, conclusions

From the Paper
"The drug, caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), is consumed worldwide. It is found in tea, coffee, and soft drinks. Caffeine is also a common ingredient in headache medications and appetite suppressants. The drug's primary physiologic effects involve the central nervous system: Caffeine is a stimulant. In addition, over the past several decades, the compound's influence on sports-related performance has also been investigated. Various studies indicate that caffeine may improve endurance performance during long-term, low-to-moderate intensity aerobic exercise. It is thought that this effect may result from an increase in metabolic efficiency. Some investigators believe that caffeine enhances the utilization of blood borne free fatty acids. Unfortunately though, such factors as a lack of..."

Abstract
This paper looks at the mechanisms of action in the body of nicotine and caffeine. It looks at receptor and neurotransmitter functions, and whether or not they can induce tolerance.

From the Paper
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator which accumulates in extracellular fluids from the processes of cellular physiology and it acts on adenosine receptors to inhibit the release of neurotransmitters. (Best) There are four types of adenosine receptors. The A adenosine receptor is found mainly in presynaptically onaxons. These receptors inhibit the enzyme adenylyl cyclase whichdecreases cAMP levels. They inhibit presynaptic calcium channels and activate..."

Tags:nicotine, caffeine, phychopharmacology

Abstract
This paper provides an analysis of Starbucks, the dominant leader in the coffee industry, and describes how Starbucks is followed by regional competitors throughout Europe and the US, in addition to many individually owned and operated coffee shops worldwide. The paper discusses the core products of Starbucks, to include: beverages, bakery items, and light lunch items including sandwiches and salads. Additionally, this paper illustrates how Starbucks has successfully earned its dominant position in the global coffee industry by offering light lunches and a wider variety of items in all geographies served and by having test-marketed vitamin-enriched caffeinated drinks in the US as well as drinks specific to regions of the world.

From the Paper
"The core products of each of this world-known company include beverages, bakery items, and light lunch items including sandwiches and salads. Starbucks has successfully moved into this arena by offering light lunches and a wider variety of items in all geographies served. Starbucks has test-marketed vitamin-enriched caffeinated drinks in the US and regularly test markets drinks specific to regions of the world. In Sydney, Australia for example the company completed a test market for a Banana Creme Frappuccino that did very well during the summer of its introduction."

Tags:percolating, regional, competitors, Malta, beverages

Abstract
In this paper, the writer relates his withdrawal symptoms when he attempted to overcome his addiction to Red Bull drinks as well as his relapse prevention strategies, and recounts an incident where he relapsed and intervened. The writer then expresses his thoughts about giving something up and points out the lessons he learned and how they apply to the overall concept of addiction. The writer discusses the symptoms of his addiction and considers whether his behavior change was easy or difficult. Finally, the writer explains what this experience taught him about people who have to give up chemicals and shows how it changed his view of addiction and willpower.

Outline:
Stages of Change
Symptoms of Post Acute Withdrawal
Relapse Prevention Strategies
Incidences of Relapse and How You Tried To Intervene
Your Thoughts/Feelings About Giving Something Up & What You Learned and How it Applies to the Overall Concept of Addicition
Did You Have Symptoms of Addiction?
Was Your Behavior Change Easy or Difficult and Why?
What Did It Teach You About People Who Have To Give Up Chemicals and Did It Change Your View of Addiction and Willpower?

From the Paper
"Although Red Bull energy drinks come stocked with a variety of so-called energy-producing substances including Glucose, Taurine, Glucuronolactone, Niacin, and Sodium Citrate, the active ingredient is none other than Caffeine. While scientists have debated the positive versus the negative effects of the drug, most can say without a doubt that caffeine is highly addictive. Quitting caffeine cold turkey is almost as difficult as quitting smoking, perhaps more so. By journaling my experience giving up Red Bull, and therefore caffeine, the mysteries of the caffeine-free journey will be unearthed."

Tags:withdrawal, symptoms, willpower, behavior, change