Abstract
This paper analyzes four research studies: Barlow, D. H., & Agras, W. S., "Fading to Increase Heterosexual Responsiveness in Homosexuals;" Clark, R. N., Burgess, R. L., & Hender, J. C., "The Development of Anti-litter Behavior in a Forest Campground;" Mylar, J. L., & Clement, P. W. "Prediction and Comparison of Outcome in Systematic Desensitization and Implosion" and Riccio, D. C., & Silvestri, R. "Extinction of Avoidance Behavior and the Problem of Residual Fear." The paper presents a study whose purpose was to attempt to alter stimulus control of sexual arousal in homosexuals, with the technique, fading. The author reports that the purpose of the second study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a positive reinforcement incentive procedure for the increase of anti-litter behavior in children.The author continues that the purpose of the their study was to develop and test a model for the prediction of systematic desensitization and implosion outcomes. This paper states that the purpose of the fourth study was to discuss the possibility that the two-process model must be considered for the elimination of maladaptive behavior, since mere extinction of an avoidance behavior may not eliminate the residual fear.

Table of Contents (for each article)
Reference & Purpose of Study
Procedures Used in the Study
Results of the Study
Evaluation of the Article

From the Paper
"This article presents case studies of the use of fading for the reduction of homosexual responsiveness. The purpose and procedure of the study were logically derived; however, they were not adequately supported. Notation of studies using aversive techniques, with resulting problems related to the development of heterosexual behavior, was appropriate. Mention was made regarding prior approaches to sexual deviation with altered stimulus control, and of prior use of fading in animals and humans, but information to support these notions was lacking. "

Tags:homosexual, fading, reinforcement, desensitization, maladaptive

Abstract
This paper systematically reviews current literature regarding the lead role of psychiatric nurses in the diagnosis and treatment of elderly psychiatric patients. It reviews and discusses two articles for this purpose: "Effectiveness of a Nurse-Based Outreach Program for Identifying and Treating Psychiatric Illness in the Elderly" by P.V. Rabins, B.S. Black, R. Roca, P. German, M. McGuire, B. Robbins et al and "Does a Nurse-Led Mental Health Liaison Service for Older People Reduce Psychiatric Morbidity in Acute General Medical Wards? A Randomized Controlled Trial" by R. Baldwin, H. Pratt, H. Goring, A. Marriott and C. Roberts.

Table of Contents:
Description of the Topic
Search Strategy/ Overview of Search Strategy Findings
Review of Articles
Summary

From the Paper
"These two studies exemplify the need for more improvisation in terms of health care delivery. These two approaches showcase the untapped potential of nursing professionals in the larger setting of public health. In spite of the prevalent shortage of nurses, professional development in terms of role expansion is essential in order to ensure that the profession does not fall into complacency. Both studies are potentially replicable with adjustments made in methodology according to the setting and population in question. It should also be noted that, while the main objective of these studies is treatment efficacy, subsequent studies should also focus on other aspects of health care such as the consequences of missed mental health surveillance (e.g. PATCH). While analyses of some demographic factors in both studies (e.g. ethnicity, marital status, educational attainment) may have magnified or lessened the statistical impact of the interventions, it may be prudent to replicate these studies in similar settings as well as other, needier ones."

Tags:elderly, morbidity, mental, health, geropsychiatric

Abstract
This paper analyzes and discusses two articles: "Training Mentally Retarded Adolescents to Brush Their Teeth" by R.D. Horner and I. Keilitz (1975) and "Training and Maintaining a Retarded Child's Proper Eating" F. O'Brien, C. Bugle, and N.H. Azrin (1972). The paper shows that the purpose of the first research was to provide systematic development and evaluation of a tooth-brushing program for retarded individuals, while the second explored whether motivational techniques are necessary to insure the maintenance of proper eating for the mentally retarded. For each of the articles, the paper provides details on the purpose of the study, procedures used in the study, results of the study and evaluation of the article.

From the Paper
"Study findings showed that when the motivational-maintenance procedure was applied, the subject ate properly and when it was discontinued, the old eating behavior was resumed. When maintenance was again applied, proper eating occurred and was again discontinued when the maintenance procedure ended. During the last seven meals of training, proper eating was demonstrated on nearly every trial, and when baseline conditions were returned, improper eating was immediately resumed. Results also demonstrated that manual guidance was very effective in training the subject to eat properly."

Tags:verbal, instruction, self-feeding, interruption-extinction

Abstract
Studies of reaction times have been of interest to a wide variety of people for several centuries. Among one of the industries that stands to benefit the most from a more comprehensive understanding of reaction times is the automobile insurance industry, which charges customers premiums based on the risk that they might get into an accident. There is reason to believe that this propensity is directly correlated to reaction time. This paper shows that, whereas, in simple reaction time experiments, there is only one stimulus and one response, in choice reaction time experiments, the user must give a response that corresponds to the stimulus. This system most closely resembles that of driving. The paper shows that insurers have found that reaction time is determined as the time required for a driver to perceive a hazard and apply the brakes or turn the steering wheel. As a result, reaction time tests used to measure driving competency would have to focus on this particular metric.

From the Paper
"Other studies have shown that reaction times improve when there is a sense of anticipation in the subject, which bodes poorly for the method's use to the automobile insurance industry. Sanders (1998, p. 21) This has two implications to the industry: first, people with higher reaction times will tend to be better drivers and people who engage in reaction-time intensive activities such as video games will have higher reaction times. Secondly, testing will not reveal skills as well as might have been thought. Brebner and Welford (1980) report that reaction times are faster when the subject has been warned that a stimulus will arrive soon."

Tags:C.H.R.R., fatigue