Abstract
The paper describes how in the year 2002 in the month of October a 15 year old girl was gang raped at a party. The paper relates that four men raped the girl-one was over 18, 3 were younger than 18 years of age. The paper discusses how onlookers of the gang rape were questioned by the District Attorney and asked why they did nothing to help the young girl. The paper reveals that the answer of the onlookers was that they were afraid of being made fun of and of being called "wusses". The paper discusses how there was no bystander intervention that would help the girl; the male bystanders were more afraid of losing their masculinity than the young girl losing her virginity and being scarred for the rest of her life emotionally (Carlson, 2008). The paper asserts that this is just one example of how society fails in a bystander intervention experiment.

From the Paper
"In the year 2002 in the month of October a 15 year old girl was gang raped at a party. The parents of the girl left their 21 year old son in charge while they were away for the weekend. In the beginning of the gang rape the girl was semi-conscious. She was led to a pool table where she was told to lie down--she passed out after lying down on the pool table. Four men raped the girl--one was over 18, 3 were younger than 18 years of age. Onlookers of the gang rape were questioned by the District Attorney and asked why they did nothing to help the young girl. The answer of the onlookers was that they were afraid of being made fun of and of being..."

Tags:bystander, intervention, experiment

Abstract
The bystander effect entered social psychology during the 1960s after the extremely violent murder of a woman in New York. Although the murder took 30 minutes and there were numerous bystanders, not one of them intervened. The important point about situations where bystanders fail to act concerns the conditions under which people will respond or not. Numerous variables are operating in the situation. The bystander effect refers to bystanders being slow to help a victim or failing to help at all when other bystanders are present. Essentially, the bystander effect is summarized as "the presence of other people serves to inhibit the impulse to help" (Thornberg, 2007, p. 8). In fact, recent research demonstrates that the opposite can be true. The bystander effect has been explored in numerous studies and is best investigated in terms of violence since it originated out of questions surrounding people's failure to help in a violent situation.

From the Paper
The Bystander Effect Introduction The bystander effect entered social psychology during the 1960s after the extremely violent murder of a woman in New York. Although the murder took 30 minutes and there were numerous bystanders, not one of them intervened. The important point about situations where bystanders fail to act concerns the conditions under which people will respond or not. Numerous variables are operating in the situation. The bystander effect refers to bystanders being slow to help a victim or failing to help at all when other bystanders are present. Essentially, the bystander effect is summarized as

Tags:helping, impulse, inhibit

Abstract
This paper presents a research proposal for undergraduate field study addressing bystander helping/altruism in public settings with references to religion/philosophy promoting helping behaviours in the Greater Toronto Area. The writer will consult past helpers and recipients of help, paying attention to remarks on why people contribute their efforts as driven by religion/philosophy, including atheists who may be strong altruists. The writer also offers a discussion of 'social trust', and addresses the uniqueness of the Toronto environment as compared to U.S. studies.

Tags:altruism/helping, religion/philos, field study propo

Abstract
This six-page undergraduate paper consists of a proposal for an experiment related to bystander intervention, as well as the actual experiment. All points mentioned about variables and other requirements are included in the paper.

Abstract
Emergencies happen every day, all around the world. Not too long ago, the worst emergency erupted inside the United States in the form of airplanes and skyscrapers. The Red Cross, Salvation Army, paramedics, and many other humanitarian groups rushed to help the sick and injured while the 9/11 attacks were still taking place. The nature of humans is to help their fellow person when he or she is in trouble. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. "Bystander apathy" takes place when people witness an emergency and take no action to help the needy. The larger question, though, is whether one should be held legally responsible for not assisting in an emergency. The author of the paper disagrees with the logic that says one should be held accountable because people are not always sure what an emergency entails, exactly. Moreover, innocent civilians should not be forced into a situation that could potentially put the rescuer in harm's way. This paper argues in favor of the proposition that innocent bystanders should not be held legally responsible for not assisting in an emergency.

From the Paper
"Deindividuation or "loss of one's sense of individuality and personal accountability that can sometimes occur in large, noisy, emotional crowds" has been seen in courts as a reasonable plea for one's inappropriate actions (Colman, 1991). South African murder trials, in particular, have seen the argument that large crowds of people cloud people's sense of right and wrong and their ability to act rationally is diminished. According to psychologist Graham Tyson's testimony, "it was quite plausible that they did not appreciate that death could ensue from their actions," referring to a defendant accused of murdering a police informer (Colman, 1991). We see from here that large crowds manipulate the normal, cognitive functioning of the brain and make people act in a completely different, and unusual, manner."

Tags:Good, Samaritan, confusion, of, responsibility

Abstract
The paper compares the attribution theory and the altruism and the bystander effect theory, which are both concerned about influences on behavior. The paper explains how the attribution theory is basically concerned with how other people as observers see the behavior, while the bystander effect theory focuses on the bystander who acts or who does not act. The paper shows how although these two theories are very different, they can be used together.

Outline:
Introduction
Attribution Theory
Altruism and the Bystander Effect Theory
Attribution Theory and Bystander Effect Theory Compared
Strengths and Weaknesses
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Attribution refers to assumptions about why people behave as they do (Rathus, 2007). Attribution is a matter of looking at other people's motives and traits for explanations of their behavior. There are two types of attribution. The first is dispositional attribution and sees people's behavior in terms of their personality and of these people having free will. The second type is situational attribution which sees human behavior as resulting from social factors (Rathus, 2007). In our society, people usually blame the person instead of social conditions so that dispositional attribution is the most common form."

Tags:observers, behavior, personality

Abstract
In "Daytona Beach: Beyond the Beats and Rhymes", author Byron Hurt recounts his experience at an event called "Spring Bling", hosted by Black Entertainment television, as a bystander, the author strives to remain disconnected from the events on which he is reporting in order to maintain some level of objectivity. As the essay progresses, the author narrates the events of the event, but then proceeds to evaluate the behaviour of those individuals participating in the festivities. Through a series of encounters, Hurt examines the relational dynamic between men and women against the backdrop of this very specific cultural environment and corresponding setting

From the Paper
Joe Student Professor's Name Course Code March 10, 2009 Exploring Female Objectification: An Analysis of "Spring Bling" In "Daytona Beach: Beyond the Beats and Rhymes", author Byron Hurt recounts his experience at an event called "Spring Bling", hosted by Black Entertainment television, as a bystander, the author strives to remain disconnected from the events on which he is reporting in order to maintain some level of objectivity. As the essay progresses, the author narrates

Tags:objectification, dominant, hegemony

Abstract
The paper explains the reasons why this police chase should not be continued, based on the vehicular pursuit procedures issued by the Chief of Police. The paper relates that the standard operating procedures consider weather conditions, the time of day, the state of the victim, the information the police officer had at the time of the pursuit and the safety of other non-involved pedestrians and citizens. The paper explains how in this scenario, it is not certain which person broke in and attacked the women, therefore, because of the time of day, weather conditions and the high risk of hurting or killing an innocent bystander, the vehicular pursuit should be terminated.

From the Paper
"Section 6.4 states that weather conditions and time of day are two very good reasons that a pursuit should be terminated. At the time of this given situation the weather and time of day were not in a favorable condition. This incident occurred at 4:45PM, which in December is the beginning of dusk. The sun was going down and it would be getting dark in a few minutes. The weather at the time of this situation was also overcast with light snow. This means that the roads could be slippery and wet in places which would make a high-speed chase unsafe for both the member and the offender."

Tags:weather, conditions, victim, car, safety, bystander

Abstract
The paper analyzes the social-psychological influences that dominated Cambodia during the late 20th century. The paper discusses three major causes of genocide; passive bystanders, historical antagonism and victimization and socialization of violence. The paper then shows how the factors that led to the Khmer Rouge rise and eventual deaths of close to three million Cambodians will always impact this country.

Outline:
The Passive Bystander
Historical Antagonism
Victimization and Socialization of Violence
Cambodia Today

From the Paper
"Ervin Staub is well known for his extended research on the major acts of genocide of the 20th century. Staub not only conducted decade long research studies on the events that occurred during the Khmer Rouge and other authoritarian regimes, he also attempts to explain the social and psychological constructs of each country. In an effort to provide information to prevent the spread of genocide, Staub notes that genocide occurs primarily for 3 major reasons: 1. Passive bystanders, in other words Stoicism 2. Historical Antagonism 3. Victimization and socialization of violence."

Tags:passive, bystanders, historical, antagonism, victimization, socialization, violence, Khmer, Rouge

Abstract
Approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests occur outside hospital settings within residential homes. This paper examines how studies indicate that bystander CPR can double or even triple the survival chances for sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) victims in out-of-hospital settings and how, despite this however, research shows that only a mere 15 to 30% of such victims receive bystander CPR. The paper contends that health practitioner facilitated community instruction on CPR helps to break down the barriers that cause bystander inaction such as fear of failure, lack of confidence and concerns relating to infectious diseases and/or legal repercussions. Since bystander inaction potentially reduces the survival rates of victims; breaking down of these barriers increases the number of out-of-hospital SCA victims likely to receive and benefit from bystander CPR.

Outline:
Abstract
The Problem of Bystander CPR
Community Instruction on CPR
Conclusion

From the Paper
"How community instruction on CPR improves survival rates for out-of-hospital SCA victims
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation are the mainstay in the management of cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest is a medical emergency which refers to an abrupt cessation of the pumping activity of the heart. It is confirmed by the absence of four key factors namely, breathing, a detectable pulse, signs of circulation and lastly, response to stimulation. CPR comprises of chest compressions and artificial respirations which are performed sequentially. The steps in CPR are purposed to deliver small but continuous flow of oxygenated blood to the body's vital organs especially the brain until spontaneous circulation can be restored via defibrillation (Abella et al., 2011). In essence therefore, chest massage does not restart the heart. However, it helps to delay tissue death due to ischemia thereby prolonging the window of opportunity for successful resuscitation that is, without permanent neurological impairments. Defibrillation on the other hand refers to the delivery of electric shock via a defibrillator so as to throw the heart into asystole and thereby stop the harmful ventricular fibrillation that triggers cardiac arrest."

Tags:cardiac, arrest, Cardiopulmonary, resuscitation