Abstract
A thorough description of the fungi in genus Fusarium, also explaining the complexities of fungal taxonomy with regard to anamorph/telemorph distinction. Discusses the toxic byproducts of Fusarium's life cycle, its presence as an agricultural disease and its potential use as a biological weapon.

Abstract
This paper provides an organization analysis focused on the IT department of Imperial Tobacco Canada. The paper explains that this company competes in the global market for loose-leaf tobacco, tobacco-related products including tobacco tubes and filters, relying extensively on an indirect channel of distribution serving North American markets. The paper also explores the primary competitive strategy for Imperial Tobacco, which is to concentrate on adding value to what is primarily a process-oriented good - tobacco and its byproducts. The paper concludes that using its present approach to managing Profit and Loss (P&L) at the product line level does not provide enough visibility into the true costs and expenses of the cross-functional strategy of package-to-order process. This paper contains illustrative figures.

Outline:
Description of the Company and Industry
Primary Competitive Strategy
Value 1 Models
Cross-Functional Process Analysis
References

From the Paper
"This is a highly collaborative process internal to Imperial Tobacco specifically in the area of coordinating what types of tobacco will be available at specific seasons, taking into account demand from customers who have already placed package-to-order based orders earlier in any given year. Clearly this entire process requires an inordinately high level of collaboration and coordination both inside a company and with customers to ensure it successes. The point of how critical pricing management is throughout this entire process is clear, given how intricate and involved the cross-functional requirements are across the entire package-to-order process."

Tags:product, distribution, loose-leaf, P&L, pricing, competition

Abstract
The paper discusses how improper usage of chemicals and their toxic byproducts have led to dangerous levels of pollution. The paper reveals the effects of toxic chemicals that include types of cancer, autoimmune diseases, kidney damage and developmental retardation. The paper discusses twelve of the known highly toxic chemicals known as the "dirty dozen" and reveals statistics that demonstrate the dangerous concentration of chemicals in our bodies. The paper then turns to hazardous waste and how it is categorized and addresses its treatment, storage and disposal. Finally, the paper deals with the concerns about proper radioactive waste management.

From the Paper
"The majority of chemicals produced and used by man have proved to be extremely beneficial to the human society and have contributed to a better way of living. However, indiscriminate and improper usage of such chemicals and their toxic byproducts have also led to dangerous levels of pollution that have compromised our quality of life and even threatened the survival of not only human beings but many other species of animals and plants present on our planet. (Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Chemicals) Despite state and federal regulations regarding release of toxic chemicals into the environment, many industries continue to release such products. Across the United States, the volume of toxic chemicals discharged into the environment has been estimated to be in the order of billions of pounds. Out of the 80,000 modern-day chemicals known to man, only a small fraction of them have been evaluated by the EPA for harmful effects. It is true that not all chemicals have harmful effects but a few of them definitely do. A list of 245 chemicals which are known to or at least suspected of being carcinogenic has been prepared by the National Toxicology Program. (Brown; Earth Policy Institute, 132)"

Tags:pollution, pollutants, toxicity, radioactive, waste, storage, disposal

Abstract
A thorough description of the fungi in genus Fusarium, also explaining the complexities of fungal taxonomy with regard to anamorph/telemorph distinction. Discusses the toxic byproducts of Fusarium's life cycle, its presence as an agricultural disease, and its potential use as a biological weapon.

Abstract
This paper discusses the environmental problems associated with the main final byproduct of nuclear waste, which is known as depleted uranium (DU). The paper first describes the history of the use of depleted uranium. It then discusses the associated ethical concerns, as well as environmental observations after wartime use of depleted uranium munitions. The paper contains graphs and figures.

Table of Contents:
Introduction and Outline of the Main Issues
Depleted Uranium Ordinance
Ethical Concerns
Environmental Observations After Wartime Use of Depleted Uranium Munitions
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The most disturbing implications of all concern the discrepancy with which nuclear waste is handled and regulated to ensure its relative safety in the U.S. compared to the complete disregard that is apparent on the part of U.S. authorities in charge of occupied Iraqi territory. As the leader of global philanthropy and human rights throughout the world, the U.S. has a moral obligation to minimize the unintended environmental and human impact of its weapons of war on noncombatants. It may very well be the case that the use of DU ammunition is a necessary evil of 21st Century conflicts. Nevertheless, the moral imperative that is part and parcel of its justified use in wartime is to minimize, rather than ignore its lasting effects after cessation of hostilities."

Tags:DU, ammunition, mining, reactor

Abstract
This essay examines gender stratification in American society and how the power dichotomy between genders relates to rape, one of the most frequent and violent crimes in our society. The paper delves into the respective roles socialization and biology play in the American definition of gender identity. Further, the paper explores the factors that influence a man to rape and the factors that affect how America views rape, and in turn the rapist and victim, as a society. It finds that rape is a byproduct of a categorized, controlled and subservient society. Finally, the paper challenges the reader to answer the question, "What can be done?"

From the Paper
"Fausto-Sterling devotes a great deal of time to showing us how gender is defined, and how the standards of gender are introduced and enforced. From the moment of birth, the most important question to many people is "is it a boy or a girl?" From this point onward, the child will be put on a path towards either being a man or a woman, and will be treated differently depending upon the biological sex (Fausto-Sterling, 2000)."

Tags:Rape, Identity, American Society, Biology, Socialization

Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the causes of the Civil War. According to the paper, many believe that the Northern attack on the South during the United States Civil War, was based on the desire to rid the nation of slavery because it was immoral and inhumane. The paper goes on to say that while slavery abolishment was a needed and appropriate byproduct of the Civil War, it was not the foundation for its creation. The paper reports that the true reason the North wanted to fight against the South, was to promote capitalism and to support wage slavery instead.

From the Paper
"Upon the backs of hard working Americans the nation would be built with a solid foundation of capitalism and the rich would become more wealthy through this system. Well known author and historian Charles Adams, writes in his book "For Good and Evil: The Impact of Taxes on the Course of Civilization' that the Civil War was little more than an attack by the North on the South to protect a tax base and capitalist gain. "The tariff not only drove up the price of the manufactured goods that agrarian Southerners bought, it invited other countries to enact their own levies on Southern cotton. In this telling, Lincoln, and the North, wanted more than anything to raise tariffs, both to support a public works agenda and to protect Northern goods from competition with imports(Oliver, 2001)."

Tags:racial, inferiority, civil, north, south, Ku, Klux, Klan, nationalism, slavery

Abstract
This paper explains that man-made global warming, homelessness, globalization, toxic waste, waterway pollution, and population growth, if left unchanged, can lead to a world where 'Soylent Green' may be the world's new food staple. The author points out that the main culprits of global warming are carbon dioxide released by burning fossil fuels; methane gas, which has more than doubled in concentration over the past three centuries as the result of cultivating rice, raising livestock and exploring for oil; and nitrous oxide, a byproduct of burning fossil fuels and producing nylon and fertilizer. The paper stresses that globalization may prove to be the biggest culprit in making Fleischer's world a reality because, as more companies resort to subcontract, part-time, and temporary work, job insecurity is at an all-time high, forcing many to work at below subsistence, minimum wage and more hours than they did thirty years ago; moreover, the retirement age is reaching nearly seventy years old as employers no longer provide pension plans.

From the Paper
"The population of New York City is 40,000,000. The middle class is non-existent. Water is rationed, and only the rich can afford real food while the rest of the population eats Soylent products. People only venture outside at night because of high temperatures due to global warming. The oceans are dead, the land is dead, animal life has disappeared. Basically, corporate greed has destroyed any semblance of culture and civilized society. The world in 2022 may not be exactly like Fleischer's portrayal, but it does show signs of veering in that direction."

Tags:warming, homelessness, globalization, pollution, population

Abstract
The paper defines what stem cell research is and what it is used for, and explains what stem cells themselves are and why research focuses on them. The paper examines the legal issues raised by this research, explaining and contrasting the opinions of believers in rule of law, legal positivists, legal realists, secular humanists and the jurisprudence of critical legal studies, forming the complete spectrum of understandings of the place of law in society. The paper expounds upon the position of each of these groups regarding stem cell research, and supports some of the positions, while disagreeing with others, comparing and citing examples from the 2000 presidential elections and from when slavery was legal before the Civil War. In conclusion, the writer expresses the opinion that stem cell research should only be done on a byproduct harvested after a natural childbirth and posits that it is not necessary to trade the life of one person for the well-being of another.

From the Paper
"The controversy revolves around the fact that these cells are most numerous in human embryos. In order to have a ready supply of stem cells, processes are being established to grow, and 'harvest' these cells from human embryos. Herein is the controversy. Is it morally, ethically, and legally proper to create life in one innocent being, and then destroy it in order to benefit another being? Is the embryo a being? If so, this argument leaves the exclusively legal realm, and must also be considered on the basis of moral and ethical principles. If the human embryo is not a being, but an unviable tissue mass, then growing and harvesting specific cells is neither a moral nor legal issue. In this latter case, the only laws needed to guide such research are those already in place, that govern the research and development of disease resistant cash crops, such as corn and wheat."

Tags:platelets, healing, nazi, germany, slaves, embryo

Abstract
This paper looks at the Columbian Exchange, an accidental byproduct of the Old World coming together with the New World which provided a forum for the exchange of many things including plants, animals and disease. It further discusses how the Columbian Exchange provided a massive transformation of the world's eco-system which had a significant impact on mankind.

Outline:
Introduction
How the Process Began
The Not so Nice Side of the Exchange
Understanding the Environmental Impact
Significance
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The beginning of what is now referred to as the Columbian Exchange arrived during the second voyage to North America by Christopher Columbus and the 1,200 men he brought with him. It was at that time that Europeans arrived on North American soil. This event triggered a massive transformation of the global ecosystem because the arrival of the Europeans sparked the beginning of the two areas of the world sharing and trading flora, fauna and disease(Columbia pp). It was a time in which the Old World met with the New World and neither side was prepared ecologically for the onslaught that the introduction of eco-system elements to the environments would bring. "

Tags:christopher, columbus, disease, environment, eco-system