Abstract
This paper presents an extensive critique of a short article about laparoscopic versus open gastric bypass surgery. The paper explains that the article looks at the early postoperative outcomes of the two surgeries, comparing lengths of hospital stays, complications, weight loss, and return to normal activities. The paper concludes that the article is a simple observational study.

From the Paper
"The researchers in this study are looking to see if there is a difference between the early postoperative outcomes of laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery and open gastric bypass surgery. The problem is stated clearly. The problem is important to nursing in that the laparoscopic procedure resulted in shorter hospital stays and in terms of the types of complications seen after the two types of surgeries. The problem was a very simplistic one which merely involved assessing the early outcomes of the two types of procedures and was very..."

Tags:laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery, open gastric bypass surgery

Abstract
The paper presents a number of reasons why gastric bypass surgery is not necessarily a good idea for many Americans. Specifically, the paper examines the health complications which can result as well as the inefficacy of the treatment in resolving the weight issues suffered by many individuals. In addition, the paper also reviews the cost of the surgery and the disquieting challenges which physicians face when they operate on someone who is obese. The paper concludes that it is a surgery to be avoided if at all possible.

From the Paper
"Gastric bypass surgery has developed an enviable popularity among many Americans in recent years. However, the following paper will outline a number of reasons why its efficacy should be called into question. Specifically, there are a variety of health complications associated with the procedure that can frustrate the recovery process or even bring about death. In addition, the process is by no means one hundred percent effective and it is very costly. Finally, physicians who treat obese men and women face a number of challenges which conspire to make weight loss surgery extremely dangerous and frightening for all concerned. In the final analysis, gastric bypass surgery is not for everyone and should be avoided if at all possible. There are a number of reasons why someone contemplating gastric bypass surgery should reconsider the procedure."

Tags:gastric, bypass, surgery

Abstract
The paper discusses the universal struggle with weight and why it is happening. The paper focuses on gastric bypass surgery as an option for the severely obese, whose weight has a direct effect on their health. The paper describes the types of gastric bypass surgery available and includes two diagrams. The paper looks at the effects, dangers, benefits and costs of the surgery. The paper provides interviews with people who have undergone the procedure and maintains that gastric bypass surgery is clearly a reasonable solution to extreme obesity.

From the Paper
"Nearly two-thirds of adults in the United States are overweight, and over thirty percent are obese, according to the data from the1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey (NHANES). The difference between overweight and obese is overweight refers to excess body weight compared to set standards and may include muscle, bone, fat, and body water; where obese refers specifically to having an abnormally high proportion of body fat. A bodybuilder might be considered overweight because they have a considerable amount of muscle, but little to no body fat. In most instances however, people who are overweight are also obese."

Tags:obesity, weight, body, mass, index, intestines, stomach, insurance

Abstract
This paper introduces discusses and analyzes the topic of gastric bypass surgery. It incorporates the book, "Good in Bed" by Jennifer Weiner, with research into the surgery and continues with personal reasons why the writer chose to have gastric bypass surgery. It explains how obesity is becoming chronic in America, and the weight loss industry is one of the most profitable in the country. People try drugs, severe diets, and just about anything to lose weight.

From the Paper
"Being fat in America may be more common than it was even ten years ago, but there is still a stigma attached to being fat, as anyone who is overweight clearly knows. In the book "Good in Bed," the protagonist, Cannie, is a "plump" heroine who struggles with weight issues her entire life. The book gives a little taste of what it is like to be fat in a thin world. "The scales at the University of Philadelphia's Weight and Eating Disorders Center looked like meat carts. The platforms were about four times the size of normal scales, with railings all around them. It was hard not to feel like livestock when you climbed aboard [?]" (Weiner 114). Just as this passage shows, the overweight in America live a different life and I know, because I was overweight for a substantial portion of my life."

Tags:obesity, fat, weight

Abstract
This paper reports on the current relevant literature on cardiopulmonary bypasses, which provide a temporary substitute for a patient's heart and lungs during the course of open-heart surgery. In particular, it looks at how the memory loss and other cognitive problems long known to result from bypass surgery are often minimized by heart surgeons as being merely transient problems and how there is a need for cerebral protection, since studies have shown that for a substantial minority who undergo this operation, will incur mental impairment years later. A review of the literature is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.

Outline
Overview
Need for Cerebral Protection
Cerebral Protection Methods
Technological Developments

From the Paper
"Today, the trend is towards providing brain protection with either antegrade or retrograde perfusion during circulatory arrest. The study by Igari et al. and work by others have demonstrated the ability to isolate cerebral perfusion from lower-body perfusion while performing the necessary great vessel anastomoses. A Boston Children's Study that cited by these researchers demonstrated the overall superiority of low-flow versus no-flow that may have applicability to the adult situation as well. In this study, the authors used a moderately hypothermic perfusate, thus decreasing cerebral oxygen consumption. "The combination of hypothermia to decrease metabolic rate and moderate-flow perfusion to wash out metabolites provides cerebral protection" (Igari et al., 1999, p. 108)."

Tags:aging, brain, cabg, cpr, health, hypothermia, oxygen

Abstract
This paper provides a review of a comprehensive article in a peer-reviewed nursing journal which outlines the innovative techniques of coronary bypass graft surgery, and how nurses may be the front line of the less frequently-performed operations.

From the Paper
"While heart disease continues to soar in the U.S.- whether due to lifestyle, obesity, stress (etc.) new and unique techniques are being developed to find the means to eliminate fatal heart attacks. This article discusses in some depth the progressive innovations that are now becoming almost commonplace. The authors state: "...rapid developments in surgical techniques enabled off-pump surgery to be performed through a median sternotomy for patients with multivessel coronary artery disease." The off-bypass technique has regained popularity as cardiac surgeons attempt to decrease the risks of surgical revascularization by eliminating the..."

Tags:pump technique, cardiac care, innovative techniques

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the discussions presented in three different articles regarding gastric bypass surgery. The articles summarized are "Medical Management of Obesity" by Ethan Berke, "Hope for the Morbidly Obese" by Michelle Bock-Lopez, and "Mechanisms to Stop the Epidemic of Obesity: Surgical Therapy for Obesity" by Harvey Sugarman. These articles include discussions on the benefits and risks of the surgery and demonstrate both the growing population and success of this surgery. The articles also review information regarding concerns about both the safety and efficacy of the approach. Two of the articles reviewed by this paper are appended.

From the Paper
"Multiple reports that more and more adults and even children have become morbidly obese in the United States have led to searches for effective interventions. One of the interventions beginning to receive widespread use is gastric bypass surgery, which limits the amount of food an individual can consume and thus helps prevent overeating that leads to or supports a state of obesity."

Tags:blood, pressure, diabetes, diet, exercise, weight, loss, food, absorption, small, intestine, nutrition, invasive

From the Paper
"EFFECTIVENESS OF CORONARY BYPASS SURGERY
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease accounts for approximately one million death annually in the United States [8:73]. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is one medical procedure used in an effort to reduce the level of deaths attributable to cardiovascular disease [9:24]. Both the incidence and severity of cardiovascular disease increase with age, and similarly the frequency of CABG increases with age, with approximately 400,000 CABGs being performed annually in the United States [3:195].

Background
CABG creates an alternate route for the flow of blood through the heart through the removal of a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body and the grafting of that blood vessel at .."

Abstract
This paper describes the incidence of coronary heart disease. The author explains coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. The paper reviews 7 articles on coronary artery bypass graft pain management and applies them to nursing.

From the Paper
The average life expectancy of Americans is ... years but almost .... million Americans have one or more types of cardiovascular disease. Among the more common surgical procedures performed among Americans with cardiovascular disease is the coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) at a rate of almost ...., such surgeries taking place annually and an expected ... to ... percent annual increase in the number of CABGs. Consequently, identifying the most effective postoperative comfort measures that ..."

Tags:coronary artery bypass, nursing

Abstract
This paper examines the current debate among cardiologists and cardiac surgeons regarding the use of coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) versus drug-eluting stents (DES). The author concludes that the research indicates that, even though cardiac surgeons have conducted many studies that appear to show the benefits of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) with accompanying DES, there are still very serious considerations to using these interventions in certain groups of patients, especially those with multivessel coronary artery disease. This paper recommends future research with multicenter trials comparing use of PCI with DES as compared to CABG in terms of both short-term and long-term benefits, mortality rates, revascularization rates and other benefits or complicating factors in order to establish or disavow the superiority of PCI with DES. Thirteen figures are included with the paper.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Statement of Problem
Key Terms and Definitions
Background of Study
Unprotected Left Main Stenosis
Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendations for Future Research

From the Paper
"According to Gunn and Crossman other energy sources are also useful. Sonotherapy, or unltrasound may potential more as a treatment than as a facilitator 'for gene delivery and is 'benign' in its effect on healthy tissue." Photodynamic therapy, or the interacting of photosensitizing drugs, light and tissue oxygen, is under investigation and still only in very early development. Laser energy delivered "via a fine intracoronary wire, is used in a few centers to recanalize block arteries." Gunn and Crossman state that the role of percutaneous clinical "has extended to the point where up to 70% of patients treated have acute coronary syndromes.""

Tags:clinical percutaneous revascularization survival, comorbid conditions, and