Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that understanding organizational behavior requires an examination of the decision-making processes and opportunities that organizations face. The writer explains that in part 3 of 'Management: Skills and Application', Rue and Byars point out the efficacy of strategic and operational planning on the decision-making process. The writer then relates that Pugh and Hickson present 'Writers on Organizations', which includes pertinent essays illustrating the theories of Herbert A. Simon, James G. March, Vivtor H. Vroom and Michel Crozier. The writer maintains that each theorist approaches organizational decision-making from a unique perspective, illuminating the complexities of the decision-making process. Moreover, the theorists introduced by Pugh and Hickson illuminate the core issues outlined in the Rue and Byers Management text.

From the Paper
"Nevertheless, Rue and Byars do note that management by objectives has recently been hailed as an effective means to motivate members of an organization to incorporate personal commitments into organizational ones. Humanizing organizations seems to be a current trend in management theory, evident in the essays by Pugh and Hickson. The Rue and Byars work is more of an overview of the organizational planning environment than it is an in-depth analysis of management theory. In Chapter 7, Rue and Byars offer three basic levels at which strategic planning takes place within most organizations: the corporate level, the business level, and the functional level. Corporate planning consists of the decisions that effect firms on a grand scale: the overarching goals and strategies organizations work with. Business goals more directly deal with the competitive market environment and include issues such as product differentiation or diversification. Finally, functional strategies affect the day-to-day operations of the organization at the office or plant level."

Tags:planning, goals, strategic, operational

Abstract
The paper covers many famous court case which deal with the exclusionary rule and how they relate to the fourth and fifth amendments in the Constitution. The exclusionary rule applies to the waiver of production of evidence that may incriminate someone. If the evidence is regarding defrauding, this evidence is excluded from this rule.

From the Paper
"Injustices occur every day in the eyes of citizens that are law abiding. The due process clause of the Constitution sometimes allows people who have committed crimes to be freed based on technicalities. These technicalities can also usually be called mistakes on the part of criminal justice personnel. Someone who has dedicated his or her life to protecting truth and justice made a mistake, knowingly or unknowingly and thus society pays the price. Allowing a criminal to go free never seems to be the just thing to do. However, considering it was a provision of the Constitution it is the right thing to do purely based on the fact the Constitution was created to protect the rights of citizens, good or bad."

Tags:amendment, legal, judicial, court, constitution, exclusion, Boyd, Weeks, Byars, McNabb, Wolf, Colorado, Rabinowitz, Irvine, California, Elkins, Mapp, Ohio, Linkletter, Walker, Calandra, Leon, Nix, Williams, Murray, Arizona, Evans