Abstract
This paper examines battered women syndrome (BWS), women who serve indeterminate life sentences for killing a spouse or intimate partner that was abusing them. It provides a history of BWS, looks at the 'types' of batterings that lead to this syndrome such as physical and sexual and evaluates parole in the state of California by reviewing recent events. It analyzes various cases of women who are eligible for parole, but are not paroled. The paper leans toward the side of battered women who have served their sentences and should be granted parole.

From the Paper
"There are many elements to Battered Women's Syndrome, which makes the definition of this phenomenon broad and complex. The predominant types of battering that lead to this syndrome are physical, sexual, and psychological battering (NVADV). Battering may include emotional abuse, economic abuse, sexual abuse, using children, threats, using male privilege, intimidation, isolation, and a variety of other behaviors used to maintain fear, intimidation and power. The California Board of Prison Terms defines BWS as a series of common characteristics that appear in women who are physically and/or psychologically abused, over an extended period of time, by a dominant male figure in their lives (BPT). In all cultures, the perpetrators are most commonly the men of the family."

Tags:corrections, female, offenders

Abstract
The paper looks at how the introduction section of the study makes a case for the fact that more knowledge about Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) is needed in order to help social workers address needs and resource issues in relation to legal, health, economic, substance abuse, etc.

From the Paper
"The introduction section of the study makes a case for the fact that more knowledge about Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) is needed in order to help social workers address needs and resource issues in relation to legal, health, economic, substance abuse, and religious helping services. Historical background on BWS shows that, in general, women cope with partner violence without seeking intervention. Therefore, by the time women seek help, they often have "long-standing needs and severe problems" (Macy, Nurius, Kernic & Holt, 2005, p. 1). Research is much needed in terms of profiling victims of BWS."

Tags:battered, women, law

Abstract
This paper examines the post-war international monetary system, which was introduced to deal with the shortcomings of a freely fluctuating exchange rates regime. It starts by presenting the history of the Bretton Woods System (BWS) and its features. The paper then outlines the pre-requisites for the BWS to operate. A series of events that led to the collapse of the BWS are also studied alongside its inherent defect (the 'n'th country problem).

From the Paper
"As early as 1942, the Americans and British shared common ground on international monetary matters. They were opposed to a system of freely fluctuating exchange rates, which they judged to have had adverse effects on the world economies on two counts, in the years immediately after World War I and in the 1930s when the Great Depression set in. They were also opposed to a system of absolutely fixed exchange rates. In addition, there was also a common view that unregulated and competitive trade restrictions were not beneficial to the international community. By contrast, both countries agreed that countries should be free to control certain capital transfers especially those of a short-term nature."

Tags:bancor, exchange, keynes, marshall, maynard

Abstract
Battered Women's Syndrome, or BWS, is a very complex psychological problem facing criminal courts today and has caused great debate on whether or not it should even be allowed in the courtroom. United States courtrooms, instead of protecting battered women, have put these women on trial and found them guilty of murder.

Abstract
This paper presents information regarding the nature of aggressive relationships, as well as the psychological consequences ensuing from recurring abuse. Specifically, studies and laws relating to the battered woman syndrome are highlighted in order to elucidate the occurrence of repeated abuse that form a battered woman's insights, making her believe that she is in danger of impending death or physical injury.

From the Paper
"Domestic assault is frequently fraction of a much bigger system of controlling, forcing, threatening, as well as violent behaviors employed by a batterer to restrain the victim. The violence reasons "or probably will reason" a considerable gap in authority and sovereignty amid the batterer and the victim, as well as it harshly compromises the victim's sovereignty."

Tags:bws, public, policy, primary, agressor, assault, self-defense, battering, retaliation