Abstract
This paper looks at gender bias and brings the two plays as examples of how gender politics are guided by the inherited behaviors that are more felt than taught. "Trifles" and "M. Butterfly," are perfect examples of how culture dictates the worst behavior in men against women and how women are belittled by culture.

From the Paper
"Subjective truth forms our perception of reality when regarding people, cultures, religion, or any other differentiating factor, and this is true of the male gender-perception of women. Plausibility structures, which govern our perspective and control how we perceive the Other, are part and parcel of every culture, gender, religion, and community. In fact, they are directly responsible for our ability to believe the seemingly unbelievable about others. For example, for a very long time, members of hate groups (which they would call patriotic organizations) have created a culture in which its members are convinced of the reality that all people who are not white are so different from them as to be rendered unimportant. Men have, for millennia, subjected women to a 'reality' that tells them they are inferior of mind and body, are unable to engage in the kinds of activities that men can , and that their contributions to the world can only be in motherhood and as a wife. This, of course, is a subjective truth turned reality for the males of the culture. Only relatively recently have women had enough of a voice to be able to start changing that subjective reality to demonstrate that such is not the case. For the purpose of this discussion, we will examine the works of two dramatists: Susan Glaspell's Trifles, and David Hwang's M. Butterfly. Trifles uses the voices of men in a Greek-chorus-like manner, acting as the conscience or the voice reflected by the plausibility structures of the community, to reinforce Minnie's guilt, the triviality of hers and women's occupations, interests, and preoccupations. M. Butterfly, also depicts the kind of influence that the archetypal structures of community perception (i.e. gender perception of women through men) has over a woman's life. Both of these plays will be discussed further in this vein."

Tags:women, society, perception, guilt

Abstract
The paper discusses Thorndike's Law of Effect that holds that, "If an act is followed by a satisfying change in the environment, the likelihood that the act will be repeated in similar situations increases."

From the Paper
"Tracey and Morrow wrote that Thorndike's Law of Effect holds that if an act is followed by a satisfying change in the environment, the likelihood that the act will be repeated in similar situations increases. They added that the Law of Effect holds that the likelihood of behavior repetition decreases when an act is followed by an unsatisfactory change in the environment. Pressley and McCormick wrote that Thorndike's Law of Effect holds that the likelihood of an operant response being repeated increases if..."

Tags:Tracey, and, Morrow, (2006), wrote, that, Thorndike's, Law, of, Effect, holdsthat, if an act is followed by a satisfying change in the environment thelikelihood that the act will be repeated in similar situations increases

Abstract
The paper relates that we encounter attempts at a causal argument every day in the newspaper and on television news, and we also want such an argument because as we see some event take place, we want to know why it happened. The paper explains that in the case of a school shooting, the public wants almost immediately to know why this occurred, which means the public is asking for a cause-and-effect argument that explains the situation. The paper emphasizes how in truth, such clear-cut answers are often hard to come by and may not be available at all. In the case of some shooting, for instance, we may know who the shooter was by name and yet still have no way of really knowing his mentality and what caused him to act as he did.

From the Paper
"The purpose of the enclosed essay is to consider the meaning of causal explanations for actions, events, and phenomenon and the way people tend to confuse cause and effect. People also often attribute a given effect to a cause just because one follows the other and not because there is clear evidence linking the cause with the effect. Such a failure can be problematic, considerably so in certain contexts. In any case, this failure can mean that people making the error will not understand the nature of what they are describing or the real cause they want to identify. We encounter attempts at a causal argument every day in the..."

Tags:cause, effect, analysis

Abstract
The paper describes how this research addresses financial research in an effort to find an explanation for the role of January in stock returns, a longstanding issue for financial economists. The paper explains that the January effect refers to the way many investors at the end of the year become concerned about taxes and sell some stocks so they can write off losses against capital gains. The paper explains the result that is that stocks are down at the end of the year and go back up in January when investors buy back the stocks they sold.

From the Paper
"This research addresses financial research in an effort to find an explanation for the role of January in stock returns, a longstanding issue for financial economists. The January effect refers to the way many investors at the end of the year become concerned about taxes and sell some stocks so they can write off losses against capital gains. The result is that stocks are down at the end of the year and go back up in January when investors buy back the stocks they sold. This is the effect that is not fully understood and that research has shown is affected by such..."

Tags:january, effect, study

Abstract
This paper explains that James Gleick in his book "Chaos: Making a New Science" reports the work of meteorologist and pioneer of the chaos theory, Edward Lorenz, to computerize the forecasting of weather based on physical laws. The author points out that Gleick explains, even though the straight-forward mathematical attempt by Lorenz to find weather averages was a "failure", Lorenz discovered that the phenomenon of climate instability was related to the chaos theory. The paper relates that Lorenz' two non-linear discoveries are (1) that models of chaotic systems have an exquisitely sensitive dependence on initial dependence called the butterfly effect and (2) that even simple systems can show complex, chaotic behavior proving that the "clockwork" universe doesn't exist.

Table of Contents
Gleick's Belief of the Possibility to Forecast Weather
The Butterfly Effect
Nonlinear and Linear Systems
Similar to Predicting the Motions of Planets
Link between Aperiodic Behavior and Unpredictable Behavior
Thermal Convection

From the Paper
"The very act of predicting weather is "fragile" when it comes to computer modeling, even though the data may be "reasonable trustworthy" and the laws of science are "purely physical" (20). But the computer modeling of weather patterns and air movement and temperatures and all the other ingredients that go into the stew, are only good for a day or two; "beyond two or three days the world's best forecasts" are / were speculative, and "beyond six or seven," Gleick writes, "they were worthless." Why were they worthless? "The Butterfly Effect was the reason.""

Tags:butterfly, modeling, universe, nonlinear, thermals

Abstract
This paper relays how individual life experiences and personal development impact one's life and development. The paper is based on the perspective and arguments made by Berger in "The Developing Person Through the Life Span." In particular, the paper uses the "butterfly effect" as a jumping off point, emphasizing how all of the individual's life experiences and developmental stages can be impacted by a single small event.

From the Paper
"In her book 'The Developing Person Through the Life Span,' Kathleen Stassen Berger outlines the stages of growth from infancy to adulthood and discusses the psychological impacts of each stage. She shows how each stage leads to the next and considers how both biological and sociological effect the psychological development of any individual. Using a concept called the "butterfly effect", she shows how small and seemingly unimportant developments in any single stage can compound through successive stages to result in specific types of personality development. "

Tags:developmental, psychology, experience

Abstract
This paper explains that James Gleick believes that chaos theory is revolution in thinking, a major shift from the ordered universe of Newton and even the less mechanical universe of Einstein. The author points out that chaos theory says that the universe is decided on the basis of chance to a great degree and that the aggregate of those chances cannot be predicted or even discerned to allow a clear cause-and-effect assessment. The paper relates that chaos theory says that a small change in a system, which takes place all the time and cannot be tracked or even relied upon, can produce more and more changes until something much greater and unforeseen occurs.

From the Paper
"Ian Stewart is trained as a mathematician, while Gleick writes about science for the New York Times. Stewart is British, and Gleick American. They write about the same subject from different points of view. Stewart begins his book noting that the direction for creation has been first from chaos into order, and that physics has now found that order is something of an illusion masking the continuing chaos of reality. He also cites Newton and the Newtonian era as affirming that nature has laws and man can discover what these laws are. The world described by Newton was a clockwork world which operated like a machine, and Stewart discusses the nature of that world and world-view much more directly than does Gleick."

Tags:change, small, aggregate, butterfly-effect, applications

Abstract
This paper examines the importance of pollination services. As the author explains, the health of ecosystems and agriculture worldwide depends on pollinating services performed by particular pollinators. This paper evaluates the importance of pollinators, provides statistical evidence for vertebrate and invertebrate pollinator decline and examines causes and consequences of pollinator decline. The paper also demonstrates the consequences of pollinator decline in terms of plant pollinator interactions and corresponding research, including figures. The paper concludes that that the functional diversity of the pollination network is critical to ecosystem sustainability and productivity.
I. Introduction
II. Importance of Pollinators
III. Pollinator Decline
A) General Pollinator Decline
B) Honey Bee Decline
C) Decline of other Pollinators
IV. Causes of Pollinator Decline
A) Pesticide Misuse
B) Loss of Habitat and Forage
C) Diseases and Pests
D) The "Killer Bee Hype"
E) Light Pollution) Monocultures
G) Climate Change
V. Consequences of Pollinator Decline
A) Plant Pollinator Interactions
B) Decline of Genetic Variability and Effect on Plant Populations
VI. Reduction and Prevention of Future Pollinator Decline-
A) Possible Actions
B) Future Research Needs
VII. Conclusion
VIII. Literature Cited
IX. Figures and Data

From the Paper
"Green plants represent the primary food source for a large portion of the worlds living biota. Many plants reproduce sexually and require pollination agents to ensure genetic diversity and other adaptive advantages through cross-pollination. During the search for nectar, pollen, oil, or mates, pollinators transfer pollen from male anthers to female stigmas and hence perform pollination (Cane, 2001). Due to co-evolution among angiosperms and pollinators, many primary pollinator- plant relationships are highly specific. Therefore the health of ecosystems and agriculture worldwide depends on pollinating services performed by particular pollinators. In recent decades human activates have decimated biodiversity in many different species-rich groups, including invertebrates (Cane, 2001). Declines have been recorded in many groups of pollinators including: insects, bats, birds and mammals. This decline represents less frequent flower visitation, gradual decrease of seed and fruit production, and reproductive losses in additional taxa within the community and could eventually disrupt community function (Cane, 2001)."

Tags:bat, bee, bird, butterfly, change, climate, decline, ecosystem, environment, mammal, pesticide, plant, pollination, pollinator

Abstract
This paper looks at underlying and alternative meanings in the poem through imagery, sound effects, figurative language, meter, features, allusion, symbolism and word choice. The paper shows how, at first glance, the poem is a simple children's rhyme, but inside are hidden many meanings, just as inside the ugly caterpillar hides a beautiful butterfly.

From the Paper
"Underneath the gentle spring night depicted in this deceiving poem is an underlying message, one of sadness and despair. Just as the glow worm loses his glow when imprisoned, the world loses its glow when one has to face the realities of life, and that is the theme the author conveys in the last line of this poem, "-So turn the world's bright joys to cold and blank disgust" (Smith). Ultimately, the author conveys there is no joy in the world, and anything joyful will eventually turn dark and disgusting."

Tags:language, meter, sound, imagery, allusion, symbolism, word

Abstract
The paper explains how Kathleen Stassen Berger, in her book "The Developing Person Through the Life Span", considers how each stage leads to the next and how biological and sociological causes affect the psychological development of any individual. The writer considers events from her own life in light of Berger's theories in order to determine the ways in which her own personal development has been a result of a string of causes and effects throughout the stages of her life. The writer looks at her infancy and preschool years, school years and adolescence and finally, adulthood.

From the Paper
"In her book "The Developing Person Through the Life Span," Kathleen Stassen Berger outlines the stages of growth from infancy to adulthood and discusses the psychological impacts of each stage. She shows how each stage leads to the next and considers how both biological and sociological effect the psychological development of any individual. Using a concept called the "butterfly effect", she shows how small and seemingly unimportant developments in any single stage can compound through successive stages to result in specific types of personality development. (The "butterfly effect" is borrowed from the concept in environmental science in which it is said that when a butterfly beats its wings in one part of the world, a storm can occur in another part of world. The interconnectedness of events is the key concept here.)"

Tags:butterfly, effect, biological, sociological, infancy, preschool, years, school, adolescence, adulthood