Abstract The paper asserts that representative democracy in the United States has been seriously undermined by a President who violates the Constitution and federal laws whenever he feels like it. The paper discusses the non-bindingresolution against the troop surge passed by the House of Representatives that had no chance of preventing the surge. The paper argues that unless the current president is impeached and removed from office by the Senate, no other resolution or bill passed by Congress will prevent him from implementing any policy he chooses.
From the Paper "The non-binding resolution passed by the House on February 16 did not prevent the troop surge, and if the past seven years are any indication, no other resolution or bill passed by Congress will prevent the current president from implementing any policy he chooses, for he has and will continue to invoke what he calls "unitary executive" powers in order to authorize and justify his actions. At some point, Democrats in Congress may finally figure out that Impeaching this president is the only way to restore responsibility to the White House, will do so, and will call upon the Senate to convict him for multiple Impeachable offenses."
Abstract This paper examines the congressional-executive relationship and distribution of power in the area of foreign policy. It discusses the George W. Bush administration as a case study to demonstrate the expansion of executive power at the expense of Congress. The paper begins with an overview of the relationship between Congress and the President in the realm of foreign policy. It then examines the presidency of George W. Bush and describes the role the Bush administration has played in expanding its own powers, as well as Congress' role in allowing the administration to do so.
Table of Contents:
The Two Presidencies Thesis
The Modern Era of the Strong Presidency
Explaining the Congressional-Executive Distribution of Power and the Decline of Congressional Power--Delegating Authority in International Affairs
Rise of Assertiveness by Congress in Foreign Affairs
President George W. Bush: A Case Study in the Expansion of Executive Power in Foreign Policy
The Importance of September 11 to the Bush Presidency and the Increase in Executive Power An Increase in Executive Power through a Reduced Congressional Role and Reluctance of the Executive Branch to Work with Congress
The Iraq War and the War Powers Act Resolution-Congress Permitting an Increase in Executive Powers Expansion of Presidential Powers by Ignoring and Bypassing Congress
Expansion in the President's Role as Commander in Chief
Spending Powers in the War Against Terror and Iraq
From the Paper "For Wildavsky, the key to presidential power in foreign policy does not lie in constitutional foundations, but in changes that had taken place in the world since 1945. He cites the growth in the number of Third World nations, the existence of nuclear weapons and the threat of holocaust, and the cold war as reasons why foreign policy tends to drive out domestic concerns. Reasons for this are the speed of international events and their irreversibility. The presidential advantage in foreign affairs is derived from institutional and informational advantages, as the president has greater access to information that other actors and has greater control of expertise, as well as at times widespread public consensus on foreign policy that reflected the Cold War threat. The interconnectedness of foreign policy necessitates that presidents actively engage in all facets of international affairs. Unlike domestic policy, a single foreign policy failure could lead to an array of catastrophic disasters. Wildavsky also suggests that policy preferences are more varied in the domestic arena and therefore more likely to lead to conflict. Moreover, he argues that presidents are successful due to the weakness of other rivals. Rivals for power in foreign affairs not only have fewer resources at their disposal but are "weak, divided, or believe that they should not control foreign policy." The list of potential rivals he includes are: the public, special interest groups, the military, the military-industrial complex, the State Department, and of special interest here, Congress."
Abstract This paper studies the Bush Administration's approach toward seeking Congressional support for the the Iraq war resolution. The paper begins by asking why Congressional support was crucial to the Administration. Next the paper details the methods used to obtain the support and the consequences of their efforts. The paper focuses on the policy objective of the Bush Administration.
Tags: iraq, congress, resolution, republicans, democrats, UN, influence, policy
Abstract This paper states, in President Bush s view, all the factors add up to the need for strong action to remove Saddam Hussein from the leadership of Iraq. The author thinks that the United Nations has tried to get Iraq to meet the requirements of the past resolutions, but that Iraq will not go along with the resolutions. The paper concludes that President Bush wants to have the support of many countries in the effort to replace Saddam.
From the Paper "Saddam Hussein has violated sixteen of the United Nations Security Council resolutions passed to control Iraq s destructive tendencies. The resolutions were passed between November 29, 1990 (the time of Iraq s invasion of Kuwait) and December 17, 1999. The resolutions were not just violated one time, but were violated many times. After the Gulf War, Iraq was supposed to release prisoners, return Kuwaiti property and pay for damages to Kuwait. Iraq had to allow the destruction of chemical and biological weapons and all of its ability to make any more of these types of weapons."
Tags: action, remove, leadership, iraq, requirements, resolutions, support
Abstract This paper explains the process of mediation and the different types of mediation, as well as how it differs from traditional methods of conflict resolution, which tend to be antagonistic and create a win-lose atmosphere between parties. The paper also describes the many advantages of pursuing a mediated agreement in comparison to pursuing the adversarial approach in litigation.
From the Paper "ADR methods may be used either as a result of a legal mandate (sometimes referred to as "imposed" ADR) or voluntarily as a result of an agreement between the parties ("contractual" ADR). Since the right to trial by jury in most cases is constitutionally protected, legally imposed ADR is rarely binding on the parties. Typically, mediation and binding arbitration are the result of a voluntary contractual agreement between the parties. Courts and legislatures generally recognize that individuals may elect to resolve their disputes by some method other than litigation and may, in the case of arbitration, waive their right to a jury trial. As a general rule, courts will enforce agreements to use ADR techniques as long as the agreement is properly and fairly made."
Abstract This paper describes the three main tenets of President Bush's political philosophy and looks at how both his supporters and his critics view his policies. The paper also discusses how Bush has been able to sway public opinion in his favor in spite of his many failures in foreign, faith, and fiscal policies and points out that, at the very least, Bush knows how to run a strong and solid campaign.
From the Paper "On November 2, 2004, incumbent Republican President George W. Bush won reelection by over three and a half million votes, stunning John Kerry and the Democrats. Bush took the so-called "red" states for a number of key reasons, not the least of which is his firm policy on national security. However, as Election Day approached, voters tuned into another major aspect of Bush's policy: moral values. Moral values turned out to trump matters of foreign policy for many voters, and probably earned Bush major gains in certain demographics like Hispanics and women. The President's policies can be loosely filed into three main categories: issues of national security and defense; moral values; and the economy. On all these issues, Bush receives a considerable amount of criticism and applause."
Abstract This paper argues that the allegation that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction, which were never discovered, was a deliberate deception by the Bush administration to justify their aggression in terms of containing terrorism by maintaining the international balance of power. The paper further asserts that Bush ignored the truth that he heard from his advisers and deliberately misled the American people to make an excuse to go to war with Iraq. The paper contends that Bush wanted to secure America's position of dominance, power and access to oil resources in the Middle East and tricked the American people into thinking that going to war with Iraq was a way of waging war on terrorism.
From the Paper "The primary thrust of Bush's argument for the invasion of Iraq was that Iraq was a serious threat to the rest of the world because it was building WMD. This is an interesting allegation, given that the only country that really has a large supply of WMD is the USA. However, it must be borne in mind that those countries who seek to justify owning WMD - such as the USA - seek to do so in terms of deterrence theory. The idea is that if rational countries such as the USA and Russia possess nuclear weapons, their mutual knowledge that the other country has WMD will deter either country from ever deploying the WMD."
Tags: lies, balance of power, terrorism, aluminum tubes, imbalance
Abstract The paper refers to Arthur Schlesinger's theory of the imperial presidency that identified a trend in the executive branch to gather more power unto itself beyond Constitutional limits, especially in times of national crisis. The paper applies this to after 9/11 when the Bush administration asserted its rights to make war pre-emptively. The paper discusses how this accretion of power to the executive may be permanent and presents the opinion that leaving foreign policy in the hands of a few only works if the few are morally scrupulous to a degree that does not seem to be able to co-exist with the nature of politics. The paper asserts that institutional reform is not the answer; what is needed is the willingness of the other branches to contest executive power, even in wartime.
From the Paper "The theory of the imperial presidency, as formulated by Arthur Schlesinger, identified a trend in the executive branch to gather more power unto itself beyond Constitutional limits, especially in times of national crisis. The Bush administration demonstrated their desire to expand the powers of the executive before the 2000 election. Vice President Cheney spoke to this when he said: "For the thirty-five years I've been in this town, there's been a constant, steady erosion of the prerogatives and the powers of the president of the United States, and I don't want to be a part of that." There was little room for this expansive agenda pre-9/11. The attack on the United States in 2001 provided scope for the executive branch to assert its control over the government."
Tags: Constitution, Congress, judiciary, powers, Guantanamo, Bay
Abstract This paper evaluate the role of power in an organization and in business. The author explains how manager's power affects subordinates and explains why conflict is both good and bad for an organization.
The paper describes the main conflict resolution strategies.
From the Paper "An example of formal power is the power that is department managers possess to manage and to delegate work to his or her subordinates. This formal power is given to the department manager based on his or her position in the company. This type of power is not the result of decisions made the department manager's peers or subordinates. The power is the result of a decision that placed him or her in the position as department manager. One example of this type of formal power ..."
Abstract This paper presents a detailed examination of the morality of the George Bush administration. The writer looks at classic texts to garner a sense of what political morality should be about and then holds the administration of Bush against the measurement to illustrate the lack of morality and the fact that it failed to promote the happiness of the United States people. In addition, the author explores the negative impact that was felt by other nations under the watchful lack of morality by the Bush administration.
From the Paper "Bush showed himself to be lacking ethics and morals in many of the decisions he made and that lack of ethics or morals created an atmosphere of unhappiness in the American public that elected him to office. "For an evangelical Christian, George W. Bush does not seem to have a well-developed sense of sin--at least as far as the nation is concerned. In his speech, President Bush expressed a far-reaching commitment to "liberty" and "the force of human freedom" in the world--values that most Americans, religions or not, would readily affirm. The president has often rightly acknowledged that "freedom" is a gift from God, not the possession of any nation. But his remarkable speech announced that the role of deciding if, when, and where freedom will be defended belongs to the United States of America; America is on a religious mission to protect freedom, and George Bush is freedom's vicar.""
Tags: contradictions, double, standards, limitations, powerful, nation, defend, freedom, cause
This paper analyzes various aspects of President Bush's administration in order to assess and determine whether or not it can be fully encompassed as belonging to the conservative ideology.
Abstract This paper details the basic characteristics and ideologies of conservatism, according to views and opinions of theoreticians. From an economical perspective, conservatism pledges for a minimal implication of the state in national economic process or towards income equality. The writer of this paper contends and explains why President Bush's administration basically follows a conservative ideology. One example would be the military privatization policies, that are aimed at increasing the strength of the military arsenal through private investments, while at the same time increasing the power of certain lobby groups and major supporters of the administration. On the flip-side, this paper discusses various policies of the Bush administration that are viewed as liberal and non-conservative, such as: The Medicare Modernization Act, Social Security Reform and the No Child Left Behind Program, which do not have the individualistic characteristics one would expect from a neoconservative government. This paper also delves into the impact of the Patriot Act, which seems to be endangering some of the fundamental liberties of the American individual.
From the Paper "It seems thoroughly strange to note, however, that many of the Bush policies could rather be classified as liberal or, at least, as not belonging to the conservative ideology. For once, the large federal spending, especially during the first term, is a classic measure that liberal governments use to stimulate growth and production. As a measure of governmental spending, it is by all cases an implication of the state in the economic processes, something which, as we have seen, is certainly not conservative. In turn, large governmental spending levels increase budgetary deficit, as was the case during Bush's first term. On the other hand, some social policies, including here the Medicare Modernization Act and the Social Security Reform, but also the No Child Left Behind program, certainly do not have the individualistic characteristics we would expect from a neoconservative government."
Tags: president, george, w., bush, political, policy, adminstration, liberal
Abstract It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate that President Bush should have pressed on to remove Hussein from power and to establish a democratic state in Iraq.
Abstract This paper is written as though it were a televised announcement by President George Bush regarding the U.S.-led war against Iraq. In the speech President Bush attempts to apologize and explain U.S. policy towards Iraq and to offer his regrets about going to war with that country.
From the Paper "Hello, everyone, my name is George W. Bush, your president, and I have been placed here against my will, yet I have come to realize as I stand in front of the camera that this is a necessary event if I am to keep this country together. I am here to tell you some current happenings that could change the state of the country."
Abstract This paper examines the War Powers Act of 1973, which was passed by Congress in response to the massive deployment of American troops to Vietnam in the nineteen-sixties. This deployment had begun in 1965 in the aftermath of the passage of the Tonkin Gulf Resolution and had continued to escalate for four years. The paper shows that by 1969, more than five-hundred-thousand American soldiers were fighting in Southeast Asia and U.S. military commanders were demanding the deployment of two-hundred thousand additional troops.
Abstract This paper discusses the advantages of taking alternative dispute resolution rather than legal action and the specific conditions under which it is more beneficial. This paper shows us that the advantages of alternative dispute resolution are not universal, nor automatic, but should be the result of early screening and careful decision making.
Contents:
Overview
Overview of Alternative Dispute Resolution Reported Advantages of Alternative Dispute Resolution Recommendations
Conclusion
From the Paper "Alternative dispute resolution describes the settling of disputes outside of a traditional legal arena (Legal Information Institute). Alternative dispute resolution can be used in almost any type of situation. This can include family, neighborhood, housing, and environmental disputes. Dispute resolution can be used in a number of business situations, including personal injury, employment, and consumer disputes (Center for Analysis of Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems). Alternative dispute resolution is also sometimes called dispute resolution or appropriate dispute resolution (Center for Analysis of Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems).
Alternative dispute resolution is actually a catch-all term that refers to a number of different processes used to resolve disputes. In reality, there are a number of different types of dispute resolution processes. These include arbitration, early neutral evaluation, mediation, a mini-trial, negotiation, neutral fact-finding, ombuds, private judging, settlement conferences, a summary jury trial (Center for Analysis of Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems), and conciliation (Legal Information Institute). Arbitration and mediation are the most common forms of disputer resolution (Legal Information Institute)."
