Abstract The paper discusses transportation issues and focuses on bus rapid transit as a transport option. The paper maintains that it is promising because it is inexpensive, flexible and not much slower then cars. The paper then considers the problems of urban sprawl and car culture.
From the Paper "Traffic congestion is a major problem facing North America. Many solutions have been suggested to this problem. One of the most practical appears to be the use of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). According to Jose Luis Moscovich in Designing Transportation Systems for Active Communities, bus transit can help accelerate surface transit operations considerably, particularly when the right kind of rolling stock is deployed (such as low-floor, and articulated vehicles with multiple doors) and combined with a proof-of-payment system."
This paper discusses the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955-56, one of the pivotal events in U.S. history, which helped to ignite and shape the Civil Rights Movement.
Abstract This paper explains that the motivating force behind the Montgomery Bus Boycott was a lone African-American woman, Rosa Parks, who defied a well-entrenched law of the period that blacks were required to sit at the back of the bus, to enter the bus through rear doors and to yield their seats to white passengers if seating was limited. The author points out that the young Martin Luther King, Jr. was elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), an organization of the various groups that had participated in arranging the boycott, joined forces and named the organization. When it came time to elect a president, King found himself thrust into the position. The paper relates that, while the initial intentions of the bus boycott were far from revolutionary, the event gained national and international attention; not only did it elevate Martin Luther King Jr. to the position of de facto leader of the Civil Rights Movement, but also it established his doctrine of non-violent resistance as a primary method by which the movement would enact social change.
From the Paper "On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was told to vacate her seat to allow a white man to sit down. Mrs. Parks was sitting in the eleventh row of the bus, with three other blacks also occupying seats in the row. While the other three black passengers yielded to the drivers demand, Mrs. Parks refused, and was consequently arrested. While her place in history is well established, one author pointed out that "Rosa Parks was not, as some versions of civil rights history would have it, just a simple black woman whose feet were tired from working all day for the white folks.""
Abstract The paper examines how many business drivers that are influencing and growing the use of enterprise service bus (ESB) architectures throughout global manufacturing are also making it critical for manufacturers to take into account the need for greater synchronization of supply chains across the many sourcing, supply chain, manufacturing, fulfillment and service centers. The paper discusses how, over and above the need for manufacturers to synchronize these disparate, legacy and often non-integrated systems with enterprise resource planning (ERP), supply chain, distributed order management, and often, global customer relationship management (CRM) systems is the more fundamental challenge of turning all these systems into competitive advantages in the marketplace.
Outline:
Introduction
Table 1: Planning Web Services For Channels: Real-Time Versus Batch Integration
Figure 1: Manufacturer's dilemma regarding mass customization and channel implications of integration
Figure 2: An example of a Brokered ESB Pattern Model
Implications of Visualization Grids on ESB in Manufacturing
Figure 4: Combining BPEL4WP and Key Performance Indicator Financial Performance
Figure 5: An Example of a Manufacturing Dashboard
Figure 6: IBM WebSphere's' Hierarchical Model
ESB as the Catalyst for attaining The Perfect Order
Table 2: Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) Relative to The Perfect Order
Enterprise Service Bus Case Studies
Areas for Future Research
References
From the Paper "The logic of many global manufacturers is that while they are incurring the costs of attaining compliance to government regulations and standards for financial disclosure, they can at the same time completely re-define their IT strategies to better align with the needs of their business. In this regard many manufacturers today look to compliance as the impetus for change, and the primary reason to re-architecting how information technologies and services support making their organizations more agile and flexible."
Abstract This essay focuses on the characters of Nora and Juan in John Steinbeck's novel, "The Wayward Bus", to illustrate how the novel signifies the human capacity to dream and attempt to realize those dreams until reality sets in and we learn that the dream cannot be realized.
From the Paper "Norma sees her work in the diner as her connection with the glorified Hollywood. This also represents the unrealistic nature of youthful dreaming. The reality of Hollywood is of course far removed from such elevated dreams. This is further shown in the fact that Norma cannot take her dream any further than the flies. She is completely naive of the sexual aspect of life, and feels that Gable would disapprove of it as she does. This idealistic dream is later replaced onto Camilla, the beautiful blonde. With Camilla's appearance, Norma attaches herself to the older girl as if she is an older sister. Camilla initially willingly plays the role and helps Norma with her hair and her makeup. She also coaches the younger girl in how to deal with men. While eating out of Camilla's hand like a willing servant, Norma further demonstrates her naive dreaming nature when Camilla tells obvious lies. She for example tells the group that she is a dental assistant, which everybody but Norma knows is not true. But Camilla is more real than Clark Gable and in her Norma sees the chance to realize her dreams."
Abstract This paper explains that the speaker in Martin Espada's poem "Sleeping on the Bus" is paying tribute to the forefathers of the human rights movement by showing the many hardships they had to overcome. The author points out that the main theme of the poem is to show how easily the people of today forget the sacrifices that were made to create the freedoms now enjoyed and how there is still work to be done. The paper relates that the repeating rhetorical question "how we" emphasizes the speaker's goal of making the reader strongly remember the tough long road of desegregation. The paper analyzes each stanza of the poem.
From the Paper "The poem explicates how a decade before the demonstrations in Alabama, few held true to their convictions out of fear of the pure power that the conservative majority had over the police and government "no witness spoke to cameras." When a "brown skinned man in Army uniform" made the smallest snicker in disbelief regarding the "custom of the backseat" he was dragged from the bus by the police. Without due process, the "brown skinned" man was put in jail for a week, while the "magistrate" went right back to bed feeling no remorse and sleeping soundly."
Abstract This paper describes the events leading up to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, setting it in a political and historical context.
From the paper:
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a very significant event in the civil rights movement, which spanned the 1950's and 60's. Prior to the Boycott, Montgomery maintained a rigid pattern of bus segregation. Bus drivers carried guns and had police power to rearrange seating. In 1945, Alabama passed a law (reproduced below) requiring that all bus companies under its jurisdiction actually enforce segregation.
Abstract This paper describes the events surrounding the 1988 Carrolton, Kentucky bus crash where 27 died. The event remains one of the worst accidents involving a bus and a driver under the influence and is important for organizations such as MADD and SADD to push for harsher laws against DUI offenders. The paper shows that major legislation came from this accident and buses have been made safer for students involved in an accident. The paper looks at the bad choices made by people who get behind a wheel while intoxicated.
From the Paper "Although this accident was a horrendous tragedy, to its credit, the collision is responsible for sweeping changes in many rules, regulations, and design changes in the manufacture of school buses. The thoroughness of the accident investigation and the examination led to many changes in bus technology, for both safety and survivability of its occupants. The requirements for Kentucky school buses are more stringent than in any other state or federal mandate."
Abstract This paper examines Rosa Parks and her role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The author analyzes the consequences of her actions and shows how civil disobedience and the refusal to obey an unjust law, was an effective method of dissenting protest. Included is an examination of the effects of these events upon the Civil Rights Movement.
From the Paper "In 1955, Montgomery, AL had a municipal law that required black citizens to ride in the back of the city's buses. That year, Mrs. Rosa Parks, a forty-two year old seamstress, boarded a city bus and sat in the first row of seats in the black section of the bus. The designated white section of the bus was quickly filled and when more white passengers boarded the bus, the driver ordered Mrs. Parks to give up her seat and move back. She refused, and was arrested. When questioned about her actions, Parks replied, ?When I declined to give up my seat, it was not that day, or bus, in particular. I just wanted to be free like everybody else. I did not want to be continually humiliated over something that I had no control over: the color of my skin.? Her courageous act touched off a 381-day bus boycott led by the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. and helped spark the civil rights revolution that followed."
Abstract This paper summarizes the services of the American Greyhound Bus Service which is a part of the travel services industry, providing intercity travel within the United States as well as travel packages and mail services. The paper discusses what has happened to the company since the terrorist attacks of September 11th, citing positive aspects such as safety since people are feeling less safe in the air and more safe on the roads.
From the Paper "In regards to the environment, Greyhound reports that one Greyhound bus takes 17 cars off the road and achieves 162 passenger miles per gallon of fuel. (Greyhound Facts & Figures) The main issue effecting Greyhound is how the events of September 11 impact upon it. Since September 11 there is a new fear of flying. This is likely to increase the number of people choosing bus travel over air travel. It also means that many people in the United States will choose holidays within the United States instead of overseas travel. The downside is that there will be less overseas visitors travelling within the United States. It has already been noted however, that the majority of Greyhound customers are Americans travelling to visit family and friends. Overall then, we would expect demand for bus travel to increase. This brings with it both opportunities and problems.
This is a changing environment for Greyhound. This report will focus on how Greyhound can respond to these changes and specifically how the problems they create can be predicted so that the opportunities presented can be fully utilized. Five of these problems will now be discussed in turn."
Abstract This paper reviews the involvement of the musician Ken Kesey and his group, the Merry Pranksters in the encouragement of taking LSD. In the beginning they were committed and dedicated to getting everyone familiar with the hallucinogenic drug, LSD. The paper describes how they bought a bus and toured around to distribute the drugs and allow society to have this experience. Their dedication to spreading the word was the reason why all the music bands, the progression in the music concerts and the major music festival was a possibility. However, before his death, Kesey was discouraging everyone from the use of psychedelic drugs.
Overview
How LSD came to be widely used in the 60?s
Acid test
West coast music scene and its relation to LSD
The Grateful Dead
Grateful Dead's relation to Kesey and the Pranksters
Conclusion
From the Paper "The psychedelic phase kicked off with the popularity of bands springing up constantly. The bands had no ambitions to do concerts or make and sell records; they were merely playing for their own enjoyment. Success to them was not making the top ten charts or any charts, or fame or fortune. Success to them meant having fun and making enough money to purchase psychedelic drugs."
From the Paper "Introduction
There is sometimes the misapprehension that the Montgomery Bus Boycott resulted from the random action of Rosa Parks, a working woman who was simply too tired to budge from her seat. This is not an accurate picture of the events leading up to her actions, nor of the woman herself. In the following pages, the intention is to look at the woman and the roots of the boycott.
The Facts
The Montgomery Bus Boycott began in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955 with Mrs. Rosa Parks refusal to give up her seat on the bus to a white passenger who had entered. At that time, not only did "colored" passengers have to sit at the back of the bus, they were also required to relinquish their seats to white passengers.."
Abstract Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a plug-and-play interface between a computer and add-on devices, such as joysticks, keyboards, etc., which can be added to a computer without having to add an adapter card or turn the computer off. This paper first presents the technological state of the USB. It then examines the general operation and environment of the device. The paper continues by examining the availability of USBs, supporters of this technology, and competition in the field. Finally, the paper concludes with a prognosis for the future of USB technology.
From the Paper "Universal Serial Bus was developed by a complex of companies (Compaq, Digital, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC and Northern Telecom) with the aim of using a single interface to connect accessory peripheral units, thus replacing parallel and serial ports as well as other inputs and output on computers (USB, TechTarget). In 1995 the USB Implementers Forum (USB IF) was set up to support and speed up use of USB peripheral units by the market and consumers (About USB Implementers Forum, Inc.). USBIF is a non-profit corporation founded by the group of companies that developed the initial Universal Serial Bus specification."
An analysis of Gandhi's influence upon the proceedings of the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott in Alabama, led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., through an analysis of the film, "Boycott".
Abstract This paper examines how the movie, "Boycott", replays the events that became known as the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 when Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. stepped forward to lead and actively fight for civil rights. It looks at how he chose not methods of violence, but those of active nonviolence, just as Gandhi taught. This paper outlines Gandhi's influence upon Dr. King and compares the steps taken in the Boycott with those of Gandhi's method of satyagraha.
From the Paper "The teachings of Mahatma Gandhi have influenced and touched people all over the world- no better example than Dr. Martin Luther King and the people involved in the Montgomery Bus Boycott that took place in 1955. Gandhi developed and used a philosophy of nonviolence when trying to gain independence of India from Great Britain. This philosophy emphasized truth and love but furthermore it was used as an expression of love and respect towards the enemy, without regarding the person as your enemy. Dr. King adopted this philosophy as the best way to gain acceptance and freedom of Blacks from White America in the 1950?s. One of the most historically significant examples of this nonviolent philosophy can be seen in the way Dr. King handled the community of Montgomery and directed them to boycott the buses without using violence."
This paper discuses the short story "Azikwelwa", about a 1957 bus boycott in South Africa, by the South African writer, poet and journalist James Matthews.
Abstract This paper explains that James Matthews's short story "Azikwelwa" was first published in 1958, reprinted again in 1974, the year of the Mdantsane Bus Boycott, in the collection "The Park and Other Stories" and then reappeared in the journal "Grassroots" in 1982 as an example of life in South Africa and as a particular form of political and social propaganda. The author stresses that the political dimension of the story becomes evident when the protagonist, Jonathan, makes the decision to join the protest. At this point, the text stops being merely a journalistic account of this period of massive disturbances. The paper relates that the literary devices used in this short story, such as repetition, ternary rhythms, alliteration and fricatives, are unusual for prose writing, which makes the prose read more like a poem or a song.
From the Paper "In January 1957, a bus boycott under the slogan "Azikwelwa" (or "We shall not ride") was initiated by the people of Alexandra Township near Johannesburg to prevent the imposition of increased transportation costs. In the period 1950 - 1980, many such boycotts took place and the whole transport boycott movement is often linked to Apartheid resistance. Some have also identified it as a consumer and a political protest in a period when South African capitalism was entering in a phase of economic recession. For many, it was a demonstration of working-class solidarity which began with civil disobedience but evolved into a process of creation of a collective consciousness. Hence, the massive boycotts are said to have helped in the formation of South African identity."
