Abstract This paper describes Martha Burk's protest against the private Augusta National Golf and Country Club's all-male membership policy. The author examines issues of civil rights, equal opportunities and an "even playing field". The paper explores the wide ranging implications of membership.
From the Paper "The significance of the Augusta National membership controversy lies in its demonstration of the inevitable tension in American society caused by the fundamental human rights recognized in two amendments..."
Tags: Martha Burk, Augusta National, The Masters, PGA, golf
Abstract An essay which compares the political philosophy of Edmund Burke with that of his leading critic, Thomas Paine. It argues that Burke's philosophy was less a reaction to the French Revolution than an idealization of the English constitution which was created for the purpose of disarming those in England who might have drawn upon revolutionary principles to foster change at home. Paine's philosophy is distinguished from Burke's chiefly by the fact that it takes a much more critical attitude to the past.
From the Paper "Yet as praise for Burke's philosophy seems detached from any particular enthusiasm for the late 18th-century English state, it seems that Burke's political philosophy is routinely analyzed in a way that completely abstracts it from the political order it was intended to eulogize and exempt from further change. The problem with this abstract approach is that it bestows upon Burke's philosophy the power to legitimize any political order simply because it has subsisted into a venerable old age. In other words, if the Third Reich had lasted a thousand years, it would also be entitled to similar esteem as the fruit of generations of human wisdom. It is hard, however, to see the genuine wisdom in a philosophy which blithely ratifies the past, without developing clear criteria to distinguish between the parts which might be allowed to continue to subsist without harm, and those which will only yield harm if left uncorrected."
Tags: Reflections, Revolution, France, Whig, 18th-century, Common, Sense
Abstract This paper compares the writings and philosophies of Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine, as detailed in their respective works "Reflections on the Revolution in France" and "Rights of Man". Both books explore the foundations and obligations of the citizen and his government. The author of this paper maintains that Paine's piece is superior, particular since it was written in many ways as a rebuttal to Burke's. This paper details the philosophers' perspectives on several parallel issues, concluding that Paine's argument that the power lays with the people is more compelling than Burke's justification of the ruling class.
From the Paper "Let us look at how they tackle the origins of the rights of man, and in so doing, we will be able to analyze the argumentative style of each author and compare them. Burke contends that the people of England are unjustified in any gripe they might have with Parliament, for as he sees it, the government established that the people of England were subordinate to the government for all time. According to Burke, a 17th century Parliament that declared English citizens to be loyal and subordinate to Parliament denies the people the right in his present time to complain. "The Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, do, in the name of the people aforesaid" (meaning the people of England then living) "most humbly and faithfully submit themselves, their heirs and posterities, for EVER." Burke cites this as evidence for why any talk of revolution is ridiculous, out of place, and irresponsible."
Abstract This paper takes a look at two proponents of the French revolution, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Edmund Burke, their background, their achievements and their views on the revolution. Rousseau and Burke both supported the revolution, but for different reasons. This paper discusses their similarities and their differences.
Contents:
Rousseau
Burke Conclusions
From the Paper "According to Rousseau, society's negative effect on generally good men focuses on society's mutation of "amour de soi," a positive self-love, into "amour-propre," or pride. Rousseau argued that amour de soi generates the instinctive human desire for self-preservation, in conjunction with the uniquely human power of reason. To differentiate, amour-propre is not natural but artificial and forces man to compare himself to others, thus creating unwarranted fear and allowing men to take pleasure in the pain or weakness of others. Revolution for Rousseau, however, as an essential force to combat the negative influences of society stems from amour de soi, so it is pure in Rousseau's eyes.
In his work "Discourse on the Arts and Sciences" Rousseau touched on a different angle associated with revolution. Rousseau asserted that the arts and sciences had not been a boon at all to mankind, because both studies were advanced not in response to human needs but as the result of pride and vanity - amour proper. Also, the opportunities arts and sciences engendered for idleness and luxury led directly and continue to lead directly to the corruption of man. Rousseau wrote in "Discourse on the Arts and Sciences" that the evolution of knowledge had rendered governments increasingly powerful and had destroyed individual liberty. Rousseau determined that corporeal progress had actually undermined the possibility of sincere friendship, replacing it with jealousy, fear and suspicion - more evidence of amour proper."
Tags: Social, Contract, society, Inequality, Whig, party, A, Philosophical, Enquiry
Abstract This paper provides a broad overview of Kenneth Burke's most influential works and the effect they have had on the study of communications. It then focuses on and describes one of Burke's greatest contributions to communications theory - his pentad theory, which was theorized in "A Grammar of Motives." The paper discusses this theory and the influence that it had on communications study.
Table of Contents:
Burke: A Broad Overview
The Pentad Explored
Works and Research Spurred by the Burkean Pentad
Expanding the Pentad
Conclusion
From the Paper "Ling's analysis of Kennedy's speech may be one of the best known examples of pentad-based analysis, but it is by no means the only one. In fact, the Kenneth Burke Society - which also publishes the KB Journal - holds a triennial conference where various papers on Burkean theory are presented. Topics have included the application of pentad analysis to increasingly high-tech communications; rhetorical analysis of the press; pentad analysis of George W. Bush's communications on the Iraq War; and much more (Burke Papers, 2006). In fact, the Kenneth Burke Society has already announced plans for a 2008 conference in Philadelphia, to ensure the application of Burke's theories continues."
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses the Edmund Burke's conciliation speech. According to the paper, Edmund Burke's speech urges Parliament to adopt a more sensible approach to the colonies to ensure not only peace but political and economic obeisance. The paper reports that Burke believed that conciliation with the colonies would help Britain prosper and continue their dominion on both sides of the Atlantic.
From the Paper "Furthermore, Burke points out that disputes with the colonies are causing Britain to become "distracted" from its political and economic goals. Those goals not only include peace, order and "repose" but also imperial strength and integrity. Burke appeals to the British desire for colonial expansion, with all the political and economic benefits derived from it. His concern for the well-being of the colonies themselves is rooted solely in the view that the colonies were British by birth and should remain British in character and loyalty. The British colonies were pushing for greater liberty, manifest in self-governance and independence from the Crown. Burke argues that avowing colonial independence will lead to greater trust and further political cohesion between the New and Old Worlds. He criticizes "the labyrinth of intricate and endless negotiations" that Parliament had been engaging in with the colonies."
Abstract The paper discusses Kenneth Burke's theory of the "new rhetoric" - in which he saw culture as a kind of language of contextual symbols. The "symbolic construction of social reality" is the topic of scholarly debate and discussion even fifty-seven years after the publishing of his groundbreaking book "A Rhetoric of Motives". The paper notes that what Burke meant by "new rhetoric" according to Marie Hochmuth - writing in The Quarterly Journal of Speech - applies interestingly and poignantly to a review of many cultural settings, including the American style of weddings. The paper looks at the American institution of a wedding, with all the traditions, myths, spoken ceremonial words and rituals, and critiques the wedding as a tradition and as a cultural institution, using the new rhetoric interpretations and strategies put forward by Burke.
From the Paper "The bride wears white, presumably to signify her purity. But in other cultures, most notably India and Japan, red rather than white is the customary color of first-time brides. Even in our own culture, white was not the customary color for a wedding dress until the 19th century, when Queen Victoria wore white at her wedding. Also, for a long time, women did not have enough money to have a new dress, so they wore their best dresses, unless they were wealthy, but now that clothing is cheaper, almost everyone wears a special dress for the day. Even if someone defies these norms, such an act is consciously interpreted as defiance. People do not exist outside of the symbolic language of the culture in which they find themselves."
Abstract This paper examines the history of rhetoric and it's significance in early Greek and Roman civilizations that coincided with creation of democracy and the importance of public speech. It then shows Kenneth Burke's contribution to the new rhetoric as an argumentative weapon and his influence on the post-modern deconstructionism.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Section One: The Preceding Conversation
3. Section Two: Contribution to the Conversation
4. Section Three: Effect on the Conversation
5. Conclusion
From the paper:
"The word "rhetoric" has an old fashioned air about it. It calls up images of schoolrooms with children in ruffled collars and Latin grammars and not a laptop in sight for several centuries. But rhetoric is as alive as is language itself, and this paper examines the importance of rhetorical studies in helping each of us to become the best writers and speakers ? the best communicators ? that we can be. A historical study of changes models and standards in rhetoric can also provide us not only with a sense of how linguistic and especially English style has changed over the years as well as illuminating how our conception of language and its structure and function have changed as well. This paper engages in such an examination by focusing on the work of Kenneth Burke. We begin with a brief overview of the life of this man whose rhetorical work we will then examine."
Abstract This paper discusses Edmund Burke's book, "Reflection on the Revolution in France". It examines the claims of inconsistency against him for opposing it while supporting the American Revolution. The paper also identifies some of Burke's predictions, many of which were borne out by the course of the Revolution.
From the Paper "Edmund Burke was a man who expressed his own mind without regard for anyone else's approval. It was this trait that made his views in "Reflection on the Revolution in France" difficult for those who ..."
Tags: Edmund Burke, Reflection on the Revolution in France, reactionary, predictions, criticisms
Abstract This paper reviews parts of Edmund Burke's speech where he advises England to allow the American colonies their liberty. The paper highlights that this was going against the political beliefs in Britain at the time. The paper then attempts to show that Burke was also showing his intelligence as a leader, philosopher and truly honorable diplomat in this speech.
From the Paper "When Burke states that the British Empire as "an empire so great" he quickly qualifies that by saying the Empire is also "so distracted," a pivotal key to the thrust of his remarks. He knew the British Empire could not possibly sustain all their global holdings, properties, and resources at the level that they once controlled them as a colonial power.
"He admits that even a "genius" would have a hard time keeping the empire together; and he admits to "struggling a good while" until his thoughts began to jell, and he expresses the belief that he has come to a profound grasp of the moment, albeit he is just one man. He uses his customary skillfully crafted rhetoric to cajole the Parliament, saying that if what he is proposing would be "futile or dangerous" or poorly constructed, he wouldn't bother. But bother he does, and will, when it comes to his simple proposition - "peace.""
Tags: colonies, liberty, British, Empire, Revolutionary, War
Abstract This paper examines Martha Burk's demand that the Augusta National Golf Club admit women. It focuses on the role of the media in the conflict and its importance for the golf club management industry.
This paper discusses that the ideas of three Enlightenment philosophers--- Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume and Edmund Burke----which were related to the French Revolution.
Abstract This paper explains that Rousseau, a proponent of equality and freedom, in his "The Social Contract" passionately argued that common consensus should derive each law; whereby the French Revolution saw the end of absolutism in France and the creation of National Assembly, a representative body from among the masses. The author points out that Enlightenment ideas, which were put forth by Hume, furiously attacked religion, especially the Catholic Church, for yielding too much power and spreading falsehoods; whereby, the denouncement of religion is reflected in the French Revolution in the legislation of the "Civil Constitution of the Clergy". The paper relates that, on the other hand, the French Revolution had its critics, such as Edmund Burke, who saw the bloody revolution as corrupt and a threat to traditional establishments.
From the Paper "Edmund Burke also views the National Assembly as a corrupt, impractical body. He believes that the masses are utterly ignorant and for leaders to follow them could be disastrous. Here Burke dismisses Rousseau's idea of the general will as he does not believe the masses are capable of policy making. Burke writes, "In this political traffic, the leaders will be obliged to bow to the ignorance of their followers, and the followers to become subservient to the worst designs of their leaders." Unlike Rousseau, Burke believes that the right to vote should only lie in the educated, property owning class."
Abstract This paper explains that the goals and objectives of Burke House are to offer sanctuary, security, and services to women and families in cases of domestic violence. The author points out that these clandestine shelters are located in the New York City area. The paper relates that these shelters are designed to facilitate the transition of women and their children from homes in which they were battered to a lifestyle removed from their abuser.
From the Paper "The Sanctuary for Families at the Sarah Burke House (Burke House) is comprised of multiple shelters that are established in the New York City area. These houses are clandestine shelters that provide a place for women and children to reside for up to 90 days. These shelters are designed to facilitate the transition of women and their children from homes in which they were battered (e.g.: physical violence and domestic violence) to a lifestyle which is removed from their abuser. Burke Houses are termed "sanctuaries" as they are removed from the public eye and provide undisclosed safe houses to families (Burke House, 2005)."
Abstract This paper presents a detailed examination about egalitarian ideas and how they can be applied. Using Edmund Burke's book called "Reflections on the Revolution in France" the writer of this paper explores how Burke's ideas can be applied to the Egalitarian point of view. The paper focuses primarily on Burke's defense of tradition and prejudice.
From the Paper "As globalization continues to knock down previously erected political walls, different societies and cultures are learning to accept each other. Diversity and differences are part of what keeps the world progressing and keeps people communicating. One of the things that the process of globalization has promoted is the acceptance of the beliefs of others that are different . In addition many cultures and systems are learning that they can adopt components of other systems and improve their original foundational basis . One very solid and serious style of belief is the egalitarian method of viewing the world. When Edmund Burke wrote the book, Reflections on the Revolution in France, he did not promote it as an egalitarian viewpoint, but if one reads beyond the initial impression and examines the underpinnings of the premise he discusses it is easy to understand how an egalitarian could embrace the ideas that Burke promotes . His ideas regarding tradition and prejudice are especially applicable to the egalitarian foundational structure . An egalitarian could easily accept the beliefs of Burke in the areas of tradition and prejudice to a very big extent. "
Abstract Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, an inherent argument can be traced through the works of Edmund Burke and those of John Stuart Mill. Burke asserts the importance of institutions and their presence in society. As an empirical philosopher, Mill developed the philosophy of utilitarianism, which bases knowledge upon human experience and emphasizes the importance of human reason. In his most famous work, "On Liberty," Mill holds that individual liberty and reason were the criteria for policy and the formation of the state. Thus, for Burke, it is the institutions that must develop in order to embrace justice; for Mill, it is the human being that is the initial criterion, and the institutions of society are, at best, a reflection of the human being's experience and reason.
