Abstract This paper analyzes the role Foreign Direct Investment has played within the Indian economy. It traces FDI's history in India as well as the socio-economic and geo-political factors which have led to the inflow of FDI. The paper studies the success and failures within industry- specific areas such as power, telecom, IT and BPO. It also deals with India's struggle through policies of protectionism and repudiation to large scale reforms, divestments and privatization. The research is somewhat critical of the use of FDI but looks at all aspects of FDI and its role within the Indian economy.
Table of Contents
Opening the Indian Economy and the Magnitude of FDI
Introduction
FDI and Comments on Governmental Policy Formulation for Promotion of MNE? s
Imperative of Attracting Export-oriented FDI through MNE? s
A Professional Approach to Promotion
The Socio-Economic and Geo-political Factors Leading to Liberalization- based Policies in India
Evolution of Government Policy in Conjunction with Promotion of FDI through MNE?s
Evolution of Government policy: 1948 ? 1967
The Restrictive Phase: 1968-1979
The Opening up of the 1980?s
Structural Adjustment and Globalization: 1990s
Government Policy and Trends in Foreign Investments and Collaboration
Inflows of FDI and an Analysis of Historic Comparative Advantages as Opposed to Knowledge Based Growth
FDI and Pitfalls Related to Inflow
Historic Comparative Advantages
Lost Ideologies in Globalized Paradise
Case Power Sector
Knowledge Based Growth
Case: Telecom Scandal
The IT and BPO sectors
Case Examples
Western Demand and Dupplies Curves
Comments
Indian Liberalization Targets vs. FDI policy Inflows
Foreign Investment Policy
Magnitude of FDI Inflows
Steps India Can Take to Accelerate Increases in FDI Inflows
National Promotion as Brand for Inflow of FDI
Focus on Tertiary Service Sector
Rural Cottage and Agro-based Businesses for Large-scale, Economic Production for Exports
Bureacracy Reduce
Privitzation Acceleration
Investment in Domestic Infrastructure and Projects
Conclusion and Recommendations
Limitations and Future Research
Conclusions from Investigation
Recommendations
Personal Review
From the Paper "Various other policies have been laid out since and have been put into effect as an attempt on the part of the Indian government to firmly safeguard MNE 's business interests and promote a competitive environment. Since 1991, India has received a number of delegations of potential foreign investors and the most recent one which is worth mentioning is Mr Bill Clinton's delegation to India which has literally brought about huge FII (Foreign Institutional Investments) upto an estimated $4 dollars within a week. The US has also provided MNE 's to borrow from the EXIM and World banks to further invest in India upto the tune of $750 Million. An indicator of the changed Indian environment is the fact that two giants that left the country following restrictions placed on them under FERA, IBM and Coca-Cola, have both recently come back. IBM has set up a joint venture with the TATA group of companies and Coca-Cola has taken over the local soft drink maker manufacturer, Parle."
Abstract The future of the business organization has been analyzed by a number of theorists in recent years as they look to the beginning of a new century and a new millennium. Many find that the organization of the future will involve less bureaucracy and more small-scale community based structures, and they find evidence of this in companies that today are developing smaller-scale structures and work units with a higher degree of autonomy than would be expected in a hierarchical organization.
From the Paper "INTRODUCTION
The future of the business organization has been analyzed by a number of theorists in recent years as they look to the beginning of a new century and a new millennium. Many find that the organization of the future will involve less bureaucracy and more small-scale community based structures, and they find evidence of this in companies that today are developing smaller-scale structures and work units with a higher degree of autonomy than would be expected in a hierarchical organization. Developing this new structure will involve shifts not only in structure but in ways of thinking about problems, opportunities, and strategies. An examination of some of the issues will lead to a consideration of what must be done to create this organization of the future."
Abstract This paper analyzes and examines the FBI's practices and compares it to Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy. Weber provided a theory regarding model bureaucracy that is utilized by many corporations and individuals today. The FBI is an organization that epitomizes Weber's theory of model bureaucracy. This paper discusses the shortcomings of the FBI and concludes with recommendations for improving the FBI's bureaucracy.
From the Paper "In comparing and contrasting the FBI's goals, objectives, and practices to Weber's model bureaucracy, numerous issues should be examined. First, do the FBI's real objectives differ from its stated goals and principles? Historically, the FBI's stated goals and principles are to ensure national security and serve the public. While the FBI ardently remains committed to pursuing and maintaining these objectives, often times, the FBI becomes so bogged down in bureaucracy that its real objectives become clouded and differ from its stated goals."
Abstract This paper examines the dichotomy of public administration and bureaucracy. Is it efficient or inefficient? Does the role of bureaucrats undermine the influence of politicians and, by extension, the democratic process? This paper focuses on bureaucracy as an expression of private and political interests and conflict rather than an objective, rational organization.
Abstract This paper examines the operation of the bureaucracy. It argues that theories of competition rather than theories of cooperation best explain administrative behaviour. It assesses the role of interest groups, intra-bureaucratic conflict and the role of elected politicians.
Abstract Alexis de Tocqueville was surprised by and feared the shortage of guarantees against tyranny in the United States, which he discussed in his work, "Democracy in America". He feared that tyranny could be brought about by centralization of administration coupled with an atomizing individualism. He also had misgivings about the possibility of the emergence of a 'tyranny of the majority' in the United States. This paper examines those fears from Tocqueville's perspective and determines whether or not those fears have been realized in the time since "Democracy in America" was written.
From the Paper "Tocqueville realizes that tendency toward centralization of administration is natural for bureaucratic institutions striving for efficiency, but such tendency builds a love of the status quo in administrators that can put a halt to progress, and ignore important societal problems with which the bureaucracy was not designed to deal. "Centralization easily imposes an aspect of regularity on day-to-day business... and keeps society in that state of administrative somnolence which administrators are in the habit of calling good order and public tranquility... it excels at preventing, not doing." He explains also that as a centralization of administration increases the power and reach of government increases while citizens grow lethargic, "it is accustomed to command and they to obey," and that as the trend continues, "that tendency is intensified, the capacity of [the government] and the incapacity of [the people] becoming striking.""
A report looking at the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, which was enacted in order to provide for employee benefits and pensions at the point of employee retirement in a federal program.
Abstract This report looks at the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) in terms of what the benefits and drawbacks of the program are in the current political and economic environment, as well as making specific recommendations about what seems to be working as a result of ERISA and what may need to be changed in the act to make it more contemporary. The report also looks at a rationale for change in the context of ERISA and related programs, including both retirement pension programs and healthcare programs.
From the Paper "Overall, ERISA in the existing literature seems to be more beneficial than derogatory for society and employees, although there are plenty of critics of the act in the existing literature including those who state that ERISA is unfair or that it has led to or contributed to, directly or indirectly, corporate abuses of power such as the relatively recent Enron scandal. Overall however the benefits of the program are also strong in the existing literature because it is essentially an act with an overriding positive message: protection for the worker. In part the act was created to guarantee that "The men and women of our labor force will have much more clearly defined rights to pension funds and greater assurances that retirement dollars will be there when they are needed."1 In many ways President Ford was prescient: many of ERISA's reforms have improved the retirement security of American workers, particularly in the areas of vesting,2 plan funding,3 and insurance protection for defined benefit plans" (Stein, 2002). These benefits show forward progress associated with the act because they give the worker greater independence and financial power by safeguarding the rights of the worker at retirement."
