Abstract This paper explains that philosophies of religion are divided into theistic, which argues in favor of the existence of God and atheistic, which denies the existence of God. The author points out that the theistic philosophies include teleological, cosmological, ontological, moral and arguments, arguments related to self-interest such as Pascal's "wager" and arguments rooted in the experience of miracles and in religious experience. The paper relates that atheistic refutations include the primary supposition that the burden of proof rests with the theist, that evil exists and that there is a conflict between divine omnipotence and human free will.
From the Paper "The cosmological argument in favor of the existence of God is similar in that it points to the physical universe as proof of God's existence. However, the cosmological argument seeks for an ultimate cause of creation. The primary objection to the cosmological argument raises the issue of the ultimate cause: if everything in the cosmos has a causal force, then what, if anything, can cause God? Some cosmological arguments are temporal in nature, that is, they refer to the nature time when determining the cause of creation. Because it is theoretically possible that God has no cause and is a causeless force or being, the cosmological argument cannot actually prove that God exists, only that God is one possible cause of the universe."
Abstract This paper discusses the play "Proof," by David Auburn, and addresses the question of what is meant by insanity. The writer argues that the play shows that Catherine, whose sanity is questioned by her sister and a potential boyfriend, is not mentally unstable, although her father was. The writer provides and analyzes citations from the play to support this argument, concluding with the math proof that Catherine developed, the most profound math proof of her generation.
From the Paper "People with mental problems may also suffer from delusions. While it is true that Proof opens with Catherine talking to her deceased father, this can be attributed to the grieving process and enormous sleep deprivation. While Claire is not aware of Catherine's late night
meetings with Robert, she tries to insist that Catherine is delusional by comparing her to their father. "I think you have some of his talent and some of this tendency toward...instability" (Auburn 45). Catherine also worries that she may have some mental problems. She, of course, does know of the late night conversations, and this worries her."
Abstract This paper focuses on the care-giver burden of a patient who cannot afford to be taken care of because of lack of insurance or lack of funds in general. In the paper, care-giver burden is addressed using several articles concerning care-giver burden and three theorists; Martha E. Rogers, Imogene King, and Dorothy E. Johnson. Specifically, the approaches to this problem of the three theorists are discussed and a look at ways to use these approaches, the implications of these approaches, and their benefits are described.
Outline:
Client Concern
Three Approaches to the Concern
Ways that Approaches are Congruent
Ways of Using These Approaches in Practice
Implications for Using these Approaches in Practice
Three Benefits Gained from Using Nursing Models
From the Paper "King's theory lies in the clients' perception of self. This perception ranges from their body image to their own growth and development before and after surgery or during care-giver visits. As such, the crux of King's theory is that of communication. Her theory subsists of human beings as, "...open systems interacting with the environment" (Williams, Imogene King's Interacting Systems Theory, 2001). Throughout the relationship of nurses and clients communication is the key to better health. This occurs through the patient forming several relationships with different people around them; these include personal systems, interpersonal systems, and social systems. Thus, King's ultimate goal stated in the theory is goal attainment."
Tags: Martha, E., Rogers, Imogene, King, Dorothy, E., Johnson, nursing, clients, communication
Abstract This paper discusses the video, "The Proof," a NOVA episode aired on PBS, which presents a look at one man's obsession with proving or disproving a theory, Fermat's Last Theorem, written over two hundred years ago and never proved. Specifically, it summarizes and reviews the video, with a focus on what the video tells us about how people learn to do mathematics. It looks at how "The Proof" is more than just a video about solving a complex mathematical problem and how it is a story of determination, setting goals, and finding out that solutions come from many different places and ideas.
From the Paper "The program then delves into how Wiles began obsessing about the "proof" when he was ten years old, and began a lifelong process of proving Fermat's Theorem. While the story is clearly mathematical, it becomes more than that during the course of the story. It becomes a tale about a man who cannot let go of his obsession, and how to creatively find the solutions to complex problems, whether they are mathematical or not. One mathematician in the show talks about making "good mistakes," and how difficult it is. This is the key to learning about mathematics, and solving mathematical problems. You will make mistakes. Learning how to make "good" mistakes is quite difficult. However, if you can learn from your mistakes, or your mistakes lead you in another direction, they are valuable, and can keep you always learning about mathematics, and other complex problems."
Abstract This paper is an examination of Descartes book, "Meditations on First Philosophy." The author examines the steps that Descartes took in order to prove his hypothesis that God is a deceiver. He examines three different proofs and shows how Descartes comes to these realizations only after a careful and logical thought process in which he tears down and rebuilds everything that he believes in.
From the Paper "Now he bases the rest of his proof off of these three observations. Because he has been convinced that something comes from something, the idea he has of God had to have been created by something, either himself or something else. He then states that he is finite and imperfect, and thus he cannot have an idea of the infinite and perfect on his own. He, being finite and imperfect, is not as powerful as the thought he has of an infinite and perfect God. Therefore, because he is not powerful enough to create this idea, it must have come from some other source."
Abstract This paper is a response paper discussing Jim Petersen's book 'Living Proof'. It talks about making sure we witness with our lives before we try witnessing with our speech. Petersen talks about sharing the gospel naturally by using sustained relationships and relationship evangelism. Petersen discusses current society, elements of evangelism, lifestyle, and ends the book with some more practical helps.
From the Paper "How many times have we heard the familiar maxim, ?You may be the only Bible someone will ever read.?? While it may be a bit overused, it is still very true. More and more in our society, there are people who have never set foot inside a church building and don"t have the slightest idea what the Bible is really about. These people may be co-workers, friends, relatives, or neighbors. They can be decent, upstanding, well-natured members of the community. In some cases these non-religious people may even live better live than some Christians you know. They probably have family and a good job and are content in life. How exactly do you witness to these people who have never had any exposure to Biblical truth and probably see no need to" This is one of the things that Petersen's covers."
Tags: Jim, living, Petersen, proof, witnessing, evangelism, Christians, church
Abstract This paper takes the position that while the movie,"White Man's Burden", is not a fine piece of cinema, its one major device, that of reversing the color of the dominant and minority races, is an effective way of forcing people to see the world in a very different light.
Abstract This paper discusses Basil Davidson's book, "The Black Man's Burden: Africa and the Curse of the Nation-States," illustrating the inappropriate path towards nationalism in Africa. The paper presents the author's own account and theory about how, in the midst of an almost politically free African region, its peoples have yet to experience true freedom in the sense that they cannot govern themselves effectively, often falling prey to the promises of nationalism, but failing to live the ideal model of a nation-state.
From the Paper "Throughout history, the most marginalized race in most countries in the age of capitalism and technological advancement remains to be the African race. Driven to live a life of bondage through slavery in most Western societies and being colonized in their own land, the Africans have not yet defined their true sense of identity as peoples. Instead, what was developed in their psyche is the feeling that they were indeed a race that would inevitably experience prejudice and discrimination in any society in the world."
Abstract The paper focuses on the effects illegal drivers have on the economy. The paper discusses the state's loss of tax revenues, the danger these drivers pose to all those around them, the rise in insurance costs for everyone else, the need to increase police presence on the roads and the lack of tax revenue when a car is purchased. The paper then examines illegal aliens' burden on the healthcare system when they use emergency rooms at a local hospital that cannot refuse them treatment. The paper contends that illegal aliens take advantage of the privileges of driving and healthcare every day and cost the legal American citizens money.
From the Paper "The privilege of driving is probably the greatest influence on the nation's economic well being at all levels. Any Florida resident, who qualifies, may be issued a driver's permit by the state. When a person takes the time to obtain a permit they pay the state for the privilege. Funds are generated at the local level and are returned from the state and federal levels for building the infrastructure necessary to accommodate those who have paid their way. An illegal alien is not permitted to obtain a driver's permit by law. That does not stop those people from driving. Not only has the state been deprived of pay for the driver on the road but also funds have not been sent back to account for the driver."
Abstract This evidentiary examination focuses on two episodes of The Practice, "Truth and Consequences" and "Burden of Proof." The writer notes that these ran consecutively on January 12 and January 19, 1998, respectively and primarily focus on the same civil case. First a plot summary of these episodes is provided. Then, an analysis of the evidence offered in them is conducted, along with any problems that may exist in the presentation of that evidence. Though the proceedings depicted in these episodes seem to be taking place at the state level, and not in a federal court, the Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE) is nevertheless used to analyze all of the evidence presented. The writer concludes that for the most part the evidence introduced during the trial and pretrial proceedings of the episodes "Truth and Consequences" and "Burden of Proof" was portrayed fairly accurately.
Outline:
"Truth and Consequences"
"Burden of Proof"
Analysis of the Evidence Presented
Jimmy Berluti's Direct Examination of Expert Witness Joel Helms
Boston Power's Cross and Impeachment of Expert Witness Joel Helms
Boston Power's Direct Examination of Its Star Expert Witness Dr. Munson
Jimmy Berluti's Cross and Impeachment of Boston Power's Expert Witnesses
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Practice was centered on the small, often struggling but always noble Boston law firm of Donnell and Associates, led by attorney Bobby Donnell. The firm was later renamed Donnell, Young, Dole and Frutt when Bobby decided to take on more partners by promoting three of his associates. The majority of the drama in the series is derived from the high stakes, high profile, often controversial criminal defense cases the firm accepts. The firm's attorneys are depicted as decent, caring, kind-hearted lawyers who pride themselves on taking the tough criminal cases that no one else will touch. Yet the firm also litigates and settles some civil matters, usually various forms of tort or employment actions. This is one of the unique qualities of The Practice that serves to distinguish it from other legal dramas on television, such as Law and Order, which typically tend to concentrate exclusively on the criminal justice system and the function of courts and attorneys within it."
This paper looks at the issue that UK courts reserve the right to decide that even accepted medical practice may be negligent, yet seldom seem to use it.
4,000 words (approx. 16 pages), 6 sources, 2001, $ 108.95
Abstract This paper looks at the topic of court cases which dealt with negligence by medical institutions or persons. It explains the definition of the law that medical services have the duty to provide as best care as possible. The paper brings down numerous cases as examples.
From the paper:
"Medical litigation cases have been rising rapidly with patients? awareness of the laws designed to protect them against harm from those who they should be able to trust the most, their doctors and dentists. The most widely litigated issue us that of medical negligence. The term negligence refers to a various failures including the failure to guard against the risks of harm to others. An example of negligence is professional malpractice where professional standards of practice are not met. Negligence can be filed in two ways criminal and civil. The standard of guilt is the same for both of them, however the burden of proof is different. In a civil case, the plaintiff must prove the balance of probabilities, where in a criminal negligence the burden of proof is beyond reasonable doubt [Kian, 2001]."
Abstract For years, chocolate has been looked down upon as unhealthy, deemed a candy, slapped with myths and fallacies and prohibited from small children. This paper attempts to prove otherwise by showing how chocolate has been shown to lift depression, help your heart and aid alertness among other benefits and if used properly, chocolate can be a delicacy and a medicine. It examines all aspects of chocolate possible from its production from the cocoa bean, to physiological effects on the brain and body to side effects such as obesity and dental problems.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
A Brief Review of Cocoa
The Cacao Tree (Theobrom Cacao)
What is in the Cocoa Bean?
Making and Eating Chocolate
State of the Art of Cocoa
Is Cocoa Good for You?
Burden of Proof Chocolate as a Fat
Effects on Blood Lipids
What is OK?
Chocolate, Health and Disease
Chocolate Craving
Migraine
Toxicity
Immune Function
Allergy
Other Disorders
Behavior
Antioxidants
Caffeine
Dental Caries
Migraines
Obesity
Serum Cholesterol
Heart Health
Conclusions
From the Paper "Cocoa takes it a step further though. Not only does it provide energy for our actions. It supplies chemicals for our personalities and moods. Modern psychology leads us to believe that every thought, every idea that pops into our head is simultaneously a biological reaction. This biological reaction takes the form of chemical processes within our brains. Our mind then interprets these chemical compounds as thoughts, ideas, smells, tastes, touch, etc. Our thoughts, or chemicals compounds within our brain can determine how we feel, our motivation, our goals, our entire lives hinge upon our thoughts, for what are we but what we do. And before we do anything, we must think it. We must have considered it at some point or been subconsciously predisposed to an action or idea."
Discusses psychologically disturbed defendants & legal responsibility. Exmines free will, insanity, history, John Hinckley case, burden of proof, jury decisions, sentencing, incompetency to stand trial and limitations of mental health professionals.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, 1989, $ 87.95
From the Paper " In recent years, the overlap between the concerns of mental health and those of law has been increasingly brought to public attention. When we read newspaper accounts of bizarre crimes . such as John Hinkley, Jr.'s attempted assassination of President Reagan . we take it for granted that a psychiatrist or psychologist will be called on to make judgments about the defendant's sanity and possibly to give "expert testimony" at the trial. In other widely publicized court cases, such as that of Kenneth Donaldson, who sued officials of the state of Florida for wrongfully keeping him in a mental institution for fourteen years, the mental health system itself has been on trial (Acocella & Bootzin, 1984, p. 545). These well.known court cases are only the most obvious illustrations of the fact that the (...)"
Abstract People have debated the existence of God for centuries. The paper examines theories by St. Anselm and St. Thomas Aquinas who offered compelling arguments for the existence of God. It examines the opinions of critics who contend that their arguments and others are flawed and insufficient. They also state that the burden of proof rests with the believers because there is no indisputable indication of God's existence that cannot be explained by other means.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Case for God's Existence
St Anselm
St. Thomas Aquinas
Other Arguments
The Case Against the Existence of God
My Assessment
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "The debate about the existence of God is not just a religious and scientific debate. Scientists have weighed in on the subject as well. Some of their arguments reflect the reasoning of St. Anselm and St. Thomas Aquinas, but from different perspectives. Bradley notes that the properties of the universe can be described in a few set laws, such as Maxwell's Equations, Einstein's Theories of Relativity, and Newton's Laws of Motion. The universe must have been made by design. Consider that if the strong nuclear force that binds the nucleus of atoms was only five percent weaker, the only stable element would be hydrogen. If these forces were just two percent stronger, the elements that support life would not exist. Furthermore, if the electromagnetic forces were to vary only slightly, the universe would be radically different. For example, there would be little carbon, a necessary component of life. The universe has to be just so to support life. Only a very specific set of conditions make our existence possible. It is extremely unlikely that all of these things would happen without design. Therefore, since the evidence of design is overwhelming, there must have been a designer. The designer was God (Bradley)."
