Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a literature review on bullying over the lifetime. The writer focuses on bullying in the school and discusses a curriculum that can help to reduce the impact of bullying.

From the Paper
"Bullying is a pervasive problem within schools and is recognized as such, with a large body of literature collected on how and to what extent bullying can impact the bully, the victim, and the social structure in which bullying occurs. Its impact on the bully and the victim are less understood, where bullying tends to be explored within the context of a specific finite environment."

Tags:bullying, bully, conflict

Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at how and to what extent bullying can negatively impact the bully, the victim, and the social structure in which bullying occurs. The paper reviews literature on bullying that addresses its effects on psychosocial development as well as its long-term effects over the course of a lifetime. The paper also focuses on bullying in school and a curriculum that may help to reduce bullying. The paper concludes by presenting an experimental model, already proven effective in the field, which involved a conflict resolution training program for students, teachers, staff, and community members.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Understanding Bullying
Bullying and Appropriate Psychosocial Development
Curriculum Design and Bullying
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Bullying has historically been recognized as a common outcome when children are allowed to interact in social settings. In 1987, Besag noted that "one of the major difficulties in considering bullying is that it is not a phenomenon which is easily defined and measured" (p. 9). Attempts to define bullying become "cumbersome" and the efforts taken to summarize all forms of behavior that are linked to bullying are so diverse that attaching a specific term to these reduces the applicability of effective measurement (Besag, 1987). Instead, it is best to approach bullying as a "problem to be considered within the context of normal social behavior, where often both the bully and the victim have become enmeshed in a process of maladaptive social functioning" (Besag, 1987). If this maladaptive social functioning is not curtailed through external intervention or through internal resolution, it may "suddenly escalate into crisis" (Besag, 1987). This requires that bullying be identified and responded to as representative of issues found within problematic social interaction between two or more persons."

Tags:childhood, child, adolescence, adolescent, peer, pressure, school, victim, anxiety, depression, harrass, youth, school, violence

Abstract
This paper explains that, although it is difficult to prove causation, bullying has a variety of outcomes, including physiological symptoms and potential contribution to psychological conditions, such as depression and ideas of suicide and self-harm. The author points out that the best approach to studying the problem of bullying is to consider it within the context of normal social behavior where often both the bully and the victim have become enmeshed in a process of maladaptive social interactions. The paper relates that empowering the students to communicate with peers reduces bullying by enhancing conflict resolution and facilitates an environment in which more positive outcomes can occur.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Understanding Bullying
Bullying and Appropriate Psychosocial Development
Curriculum Deign and Bullying
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The outcomes of bullying tend to be studied in terms of their short-term impact on the individual. Williams et al. (1996) studied primary school children and sought to identify whether physiological health conditions could be attributed to being the target of bullying in a school. The researchers surveyed approximately 2850 school children within a school district outside of London for health problems and compared these results with whether the child had been the target of bullying. Among the health problems surveyed were bed wetting, headaches, feelings of sadness, problems sleeping, and stomach aches."

Tags:school, training, resolution, health, multicultural

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the topic of bullying discussing bullying and victimization, who becomes bullies and why and how to prevent bullying. The paper is based on a review of research related to the topic.

From the Paper
"The following presents a review of research related to the topic of bullying. Four articles are reviewed and critically analyzed. The literature reviewed below includes studies of who are bullies what is linked to bullying and how to prevent bullying. In addition personal life experiences and those of others as well as general logic are used to determine the value and validity of these readings."

Tags:bullying, bullies, schools, victimization, cognitive, Hispanics, blacks

Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at the problem of bullying in middle schools. The psychological consequences of bullying to both the victim and perpetrator are examined. The author also explains why bullying can be more of a problem in middle school rather than elementary school. The author concludes by stating that bullying should not be tolerated in school, and curricula should focus on teaching tolerance.

From the Paper
"Middle school aged children are in a seriously challenging period of emotional, social and physical adjustment. Challenges to students, parents and educators are multiple as these adjustments take place and many antisocial behaviors are observable in the population, in and out of the classroom. "Sex. Drugs. Puberty. Algebra. These are just a few of the problems that parents have to worry about when their eleven-year-old walks through the doors of middle school. The eleven-year-old, meanwhile, has to be brave in a scary new world filled with constant change that creates self-doubt and emotional turmoil." (Bernstein, 2002, p. 1) Bullying is an insidious aspect of the middle school years and must be addressed and dealt with like any other behavioural psychological problem. "The harsh reality of the bully/victim dyad is experienced by thousands of children every day..." "

Tags:middle, school, bullying, victims, perpetrators, consequences, punishment

Abstract
This paper examines the lifespan development of a 17 year old student named Silvo, who lives in Toronto. According to the paper, Silvo is the son of Portuguese immigrants, and several references supporting what the subject has related, his particular background, and student's comments on how theories and models need to be used as starting places are presented. In particular, the study focuses on the impact of his father's death on an adolescent.

From the Paper
"This paper responds to an introduction to lifespan development in Psychology and time spent with a 17-year old male, born in urban Canada who was interviewed towards an informal application of psychoanalytic, cognitive, learning and other theory addressing how human beings develop. (Bee et al:2003) The exercise was stimulating in terms of coming to see the variety one can expect in a very multicultural city of Toronto where about half of the population of 3 million consists of people born beyond Canada. Though `Silvo' was born in Toronto, his father was an immigrant..."

Tags:lifespan, theories, subject

Abstract
This paper discusses the effects of childhood bullying from both the victim's perspective, as well as the victimizer. The writer notes that Dan Olweus is considered to be the leading expert in childhood bullying. The writer then points out that Olweus conducted the first study of schoolhouse bullying in the 1970's in Norway. Further the writer concludes that his findings are quite remarkable in terms of the reasons why children become bullies and the type of person they target to victimize.

From the Paper
"According to some researchers, bullying has long been apart of social behavior and is common practice throughout the world. It has long been perceived that childhood bullying is a right of passage and a part of growing up regardless if you are male or female, bullying is experienced by both genders. These days childhood bullying has become a form of schoolhouse violence where kids are being tormented, abused physically and mentally, and alienated from society. According to some experts, childhood bullying is on the rise and has detrimental effects on children's social and emotional development."

Tags:bullying, childhood, victimization

Abstract
This paper explains the reasons, effects and the causes that result in bullying in the school ground and analyzes it from a psychological perspective.

Tags:bullying

Abstract
This paper examines the experiences of intimidation, violence, and harassment faced by nurses in the workplace. This problem is seen as international in scope.The paper describes bullying or intimidation and aggression as coming from many sources including the nurse's supervisor, but the most common form is from co-workers. Whereas nurses would expect aggressive behavior on a psychiatric unit or in emergency, nurses who work in general medical, surgical and high dependency areas also experience high levels of aggression from other nurses.

From the Paper
"Nurses experience intimidation, violence, and harassment in the workplace on such a scale that the problem is international in scope. Bullying or intimidation and aggression can come from many sources including the nurse's supervisor, but the most common form is from co-workers (Jackson, 2002; CNO, 2005). Whereas nurses would expect aggressive behaviour on a psychiatric unit or in emergency, nurses who work in general medical, surgical and high dependency areas also experience high levels of aggression from other nurses (O'Connell & Young, 2000). Aggression assumes..."

Tags:nursing, bullying, solutions

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the classrooms of today are filled with students of diverse cultures, socioeconomic status, race and ethnicity, and learning and physical ability. The writer discusses that the topic of bullying has emerged in the past few years as an issue of growing concern among students, parents, and school administrators alike. The writer explains that bullying can best be defined as repeated oppression, physical or psychological, of a less powerful person by a more powerful person or group. This paper examines bullying in terms of gender differences, both "bully" and "victim" characteristics, and the causes and consequences of bullying for all those involved. The writer concludes that the problems associated with bullying must not become accepted in the educational system, and remain an obstacle to fostering human learning and development.

Outline:
Introduction
Gender Differences
Characteristics of Bullies
Characteristics of Victims
Consequences of Bullying
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The various types and methods of bullying also vary with boys and girls. Research by Chu indicates that boys are the primary bullies and victims on the streets, playgrounds and schools, whereas girls are the primary bullies and victims of bullying performed online. According to Chu, nearly one third of the eighth grade girls surveyed reported being bullied online in the previous two months. This is comparable to the 10% of boys bullied online. The reason for the difference between the gender in bullying online is that online, an individual's identity can be hidden, and girls may feel more comfortable being the bully if no one knows their real identity. Rigby indicates that girls are usually more empathetic than boys, both in recognizing the emotion someone else is having, and in feeling that same emotion themselves. Furthermore, research indicates that girls are generally more empathetic than boys toward the victims of aggression. Thus, gender does account for the differences between bullying."

Tags:oppression, power, victim, bully