Abstract
This paper examines how the shipping industry is not homogeneous, but consists of several discrete sectors, each of which operates in different commercial and regulatory regimes, whose needs serve different types of purpose-built vessels. The three main sectors are passenger shipping service, liner cargo services and bulk cargo-carrying services. It provides an analysis of bulk shipping and liner shipper sectors through the comparison of their characteristics, discussing their contestability in transportation market. A recommendation for improving both sectors contestability is also given.

From the Paper
"Since bulk ships usually are designed for particular types of cargoes, they are unsuitable for other commodities. This is quite different from the liner sector, where all kinds of containerised cargoes can be carried on cellular container ships. This causes those containerisable cargoes to be diverted to be transported by liner shipping instead of bulk shipping because of the great efficiency in port of the cellular system and its inter-modal capability. This has given such a competitive advantage that it will in due course dominate the whole sector, leaving only a small volume of physically non- containerable cargo for residual services."

Tags:cargo, container, handling, modal, multi, sector, transport, voyage

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the issue of water exportation in Canada. The writer discusses the related environmental issues and the government institutions that are involved in this matter. Further, the writer discusses the current policies in this regard. The writer concludes with the recognition that Canada may not have a perfect strategy, but at least a strategy of some kind in place.

From the Paper
"Water exportation has emerged as a serious matter for the Canadian government as the United States begins to cast covetous eyes northward. With that in mind, the next several pages will look at the environmental values in play, at the various government institutions at the heart of the matter, at the agencies/departments involved, and at the relative strength of the present policy and what environmental policy tools were most likely used in its crafting."

Tags:Canada, water, exports

Abstract
The writer discusses that water exportation has emerged as a serious matter for the Canadian government as the United States begins to cast covetous eyes northward. With that in mind, this paper looks at the environmental values in play, at the various government institutions at the heart of the matter, at the agencies/departments involved and at the relative strength of the present policy and what environmental policy tools were most likely used in its crafting. In the end, the writer notes that what should emerge from this study is the recognition that Canada may not have a perfect strategy, but at least a strategy of some kind is in place. The writer concludes that while the future is obviously still to be determined, Canada at least has a workable legislative framework in place to protect its water reserves.

Outline:
Environmental Values
Relevant (Government) Institutions
Pertinent Government Agencies/Departments
Relevant Organizations
The Quality of the Decision and the Environmental Policy Tools Used
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In any case, the 2002 amendments do follow a general pattern of greater federal involvement in the issue. For instance, the 2002 measure delineated above is actually an extension of prior amendments brought into effect the preceding year whereby the International Boundary Waters Treaty Act was modified in such a way that "bulk" water removal from the Canadian parts of the boundary waters - chiefly the Great Lakes - would no longer be permitted. Finally, a still-earlier report from March of 2000 (jointly written by the Canadian and American governments) entitled, Protection of the Waters of the Great Lakes, mandates that water removal from the Great Lakes should not proceed unless it can be satisfactorily proved that the ecosystem of the Great Lakes Basin will not be harmed. All in all, Ottawa has asserted itself on this matter and made it clear that it will use its legislative purview to establish laws protecting Canada's freshwater deposits; simultaneously, the Canadian government - as the chief international negotiator acting on behalf of all Canadians - has made a concerted effort to join with its American counterparts in deploring and discouraging the mass export of water from vulnerable boundary areas."

Tags:exportation, environmental, reserves, natural, resources

Abstract
In this article, the writer explores how and why the myth that women "bulk up" in masculine and unattractive ways from lifting weights began. The writer also provides scientific details that disprove this myth. Further, the writer explains how and why building healthy muscle through appropriate weight-lifting will not make women "bulk up"; but instead become healthier, more physically fit and more attractive.
The writer maintains that weight-lifting allows most women who exercise regularly and correctly in this way to become healthier, more physically fit and more physically attractive. The writer concludes that women who have been holding back from weight-lifting due to the unrealistic fear of building too much muscle may now, therefore, relax about this faulty myth.

From the Paper
"To possess good health; physical fitness, and a body both healthy and attractive are aspirations as important to women (and men) today as ever before. With today's myriad convenient yet unhealthy "fast-food" temptations and our typically too-sedentary 21st century lifestyles, becoming healthy; physically fit, and physically attractive, and then staying that way, are goals perhaps more difficult to attain (and when reached, maintain) than ever before. is to regularly lift weights: the barbell kind and/or by repetitively using weight-lifting machines made (most famously) by Nautilus, but also by various other manufacturers. There is now even an entire line of Nautilus and/or other weight-lifting machines, available in many gyms that are designed to be used only by women, precisely so that women who lift weights no longer fear having to "bulk up" by repetitively lifting weights."

Tags:weight-lifting, physical, fitness, Nautilus, train

Abstract
Shell's immediate and continued response to the Ogoni conflict and the death of Ken Saro-Wiwa was to distance themselves. The company expressed remorse at Saro-Wiwa's execution, but put the bulk of the blame on the political environment and process in Nigeria, as well as the government themselves. It was Shell's opinion that the Nigerian government was responsible for the disbursement of revenues form the country's oil regions; if Nigeria chose to appropriate profits from oil extraction away from the Ogoni or any other investment, then they were within their rights to do so.

From the Paper
Shell Oil in Nigeria Shell's immediate and continued response to the Ogoni conflict and the death of Ken Saro-Wiwa was to distance themselves. The company expressed remorse at Saro-Wiwa's execution, but put the bulk of the blame on the political environment and process in Nigeria, as well as the government themselves. It was Shell's opinion that the Nigerian government was responsible for the disbursement of revenues form the country's oil regions; if Nigeria chose to appropriate profits from oil extraction away from the Ogoni or any other investment, then they were within their rights to do so. Likewise, if the country itself had legitimized Shell's actions

Tags:business, international, environment

Abstract
The paper looks at Mitchell's volume (2004) and moves on to varied sources to explain why Canada should not allow bulk sales of water to the USA.

From the Paper
"From time to time, American interests have expressed interest in purchasing Canadian water resources that according to an American cost-benefit point of view, Canadians would automatically favour as income from a resource of which Canada has a relatively large surplus. In fact, Reid Kreutzwiser & Rob de Loe described the 1999 suit filed by Sun Belt Water Inc. of California against the Government of Canada since the latter had invoked the investor protector provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to block water by tanker from British Columbia to..."

Tags:cda, usa, water sales, refutes

Abstract
This paper begins by discussing and defining the nature of spam. It compares the high costs of telemarketing and bulk mail to the low or no costs of spam on the sender. It also states that the receiver is burdened with the job of deleting and blocking future mail. The writer then looks at various economic issues related to spam - commission received by the sender and the negative effect it has on sincere advertising endeavors. The paper concludes with a discussion on what is being and can be done in the field to prevent and minimize spam.

From the Paper
"In the computer age, spam, or unsolicited e-mail advertising messages, is considered one of the primary evils that e-mail users have to deal with. While some consider spam as no more of an inconvenience than the traditional junk mail, others consider spam the most dire invasion of privacy since the invention of computers. According to a former spammer (Kosseff, 2003), the nearly $1,000 he made per week as a result of spamming practices was not worth the personal costs in terms of hate mail and threatening phone calls. The cost to the spammer however is much cheaper than the cost to the user. Once the initial investments in spamming equipment is made, it becomes very easy to send up to 10 million messages per day. Also, this practice can be set up to work automatically, so all the spammer needs to do is monitor the sending from time to time (Kosseff, 2003)."

Tags:internet, advertising

Abstract
The paper looks at the problems with a proposal to mail prescription drugs through bulk mail and then examines what is permitted under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA). The paper examines the legal, economic and moral considerations affecting this plan. The paper also considers the views of those who believe that the proposal is sound because it addresses the profit and competition factors that are impacting the pharmaceutical industry, as well as those that suggest that the pharmacy industry must return to a more ethically stable environment. The paper concludes with the recommendation that the manufacturer require the administrators and marketing professionals to undergo ethics training. The paper is of the opinion that when consumer confidence is built, the company will ultimately prosper.

Outline:
The Problem
Issues for Consideration
Legal, Economic and Moral Considerations
Opposition
Recommendations

From the Paper
"The problems in this case are related to several issues. First, the use of patient records to promote a product creates privacy issues of the individual, as the patient has not agreed to divulge personal health information simply by receiving a prescription drug. Second, the issue of business practices must be considered. This is because the tactics that are used by any company in relation to the public must focus on the moral concern for the individual and not the monetary gain of the business. While businesses may be functioning to gain prosperity, business administrators must also understand that they have a social contract with the public that makes them obligated to care for their fellow human beings above all else."

Tags:privacy, law, consumer, marketing, profit, competition

Abstract
This paper looks at the article "Even as You Work Out, Bacteria May be Bulking Up at the Gym", which highlights the threat coming from methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) bacteria that can be found in the gyms many of us visit. The paper discusses how the article is very short, written in a simple English and has very little additional important information. The paper maintains that the article is also not completely scientifically accurate and many points have been oversimplified. As such, it has several weaknesses that can result in misinformation.

From the Paper
"There are two distinct isolates of MRSA recognized today. One of them is community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA), which is the topic of the article, while the other one is health care-associated MRSA which is mentioned but not distinguished from Ca-MRSA. There are several reasons why this should be important. The outbreaks of CA-MRSA in the community could not be associated with health care exposure among the reported cases (Kowalski et al., 2005). CA-MRSA isolates are distinctly different form nonsocomial MRSA ones. The community strains often exhibit the resistance to -lactams only. On the other hand nonsocomial MRSA shows a strong multi-antibiotic resistance pattern (Kowalski et al, 2005)."

Tags:MRSA, health, care, exposure

Abstract
This paper examines how the latest scientific and technological developments have had a massive impact on the trade and industry in the recent year and how international shipping is no exception. It discusses and analyses the development of international shipping industry and seeks to provide an overview of the liner and bulk shipping in the following three sectors: ship, port and inland transport systems, respectively. It also emphasizes liner shipping (containerships) in the container terminals sector.

From the Paper
"As trade changes, so do the ports and there is no such thing as a typical port. Each has a mix of facilities designed to meet the trade of the region it serves.(Stopford,M ,1997). However, it is possible to generalize about the type of port facilities which can be found in different areas. Consequently, today the port can be further divided into four types: small local ports, large local ports, large regional ports and regional distribution centres. The last of these has a wide role as a distribution centre for cargo shipped in very large ships, requiring distribution to smaller local ports. These ports such as Rotterdam, Hong Kong and Shanghai, consist of a federation of specialist terminals, each dedicated to a particular cargo."

Tags:bulk, liner, maritime, port, shanghai, transport, waterway