Abstract
This paper compares Bulgarian and American financial markets, institutions and instruments on the level of existence and development. Following a comprehensive comparison table is the actual explanation of every type of financial institutions/instrument in the context of its development in Bulgaria. A part of the paper points financial institutions/instruments that exist in Bulgaria but not in the USA. Another part of the paper proposes development of the most needed financial institution at present.

From the Paper
"One of the institutions that does not exist in the United States but is present in Bulgaria regards the central bank of the country. Bulgarian National Bank was created in 1879 and was initially functioning as a regular bank. During the Communist regime in the country its operation was terminated and in 1991 was resumed with the acceptance of the Central Bank Law and The Bank and Credit Law. These laws were changed significantly in 1997 when Bulgaria was placed under Currency Board. Presently the central bank is transformed in such a way so that it can work as a Currency Board. Its balance includes both Bank and Currency Board entries. The currency reserve, which includes foreign currency, gold and foreign securities, covers the money in circulation, commercial banks deposits and government deposits. The Lev is tied to the Deutch Mark (1DEM=1Lev). According to the present regulations, BNB cannot give credit the government. Commercial banks are allowed credit but to a limited extent. This is possible only in cases when systematic liquidation risk exists. The maximum period of credit is 3 months and a deposit of gold of foreign securities is required. Yet, the credit of commercial banks is possible only if "surplus" in the balance of BNB exists."

Tags:communism, free, trade

Abstract
The paper asserts that what happens in the financial markets directly impacts both economic growth and economic contraction, as the world has so poignantly re-learned in the wake of the ongoing 2008 recession. This paper examines how the American financial markets' ability to inject or withdraw liquidity impacts other financial institutions, the macroeconomy, international trade, and local business. The conclusion is that there is an intimate and documented link between the financial markets and the economy on several tiers, from the individual consumer to the globe, meaning that the financial markets have to return to health before the rest of the economy can do so. This conclusion points the way to public and market policies designed to address the stability of the financial markets, such a restoration of the Depression-era regulations undone by the Reagan administration.

Tags:financial, markets, liquidity

Abstract
This document discusses the recent trend towards consolidation in the financial markets across regions. Particularly examined are the maneuverings of the U.S. exchanges, the New York Stock Exchange and the NASDAQ, to merge or acquire some of Europe's most prominent exchanges.

From the Paper
"However, the benefit to corporate strategic and operational planning forms the nucleus of this discussion and the primary conclusion is that financial market integration and consolidation would ensure that multi-national hedging for commodity price stability as well as exchange volatility could be much more effectively accomplished in an environment of a single financial market."

Tags:financial, markets

Abstract
This paper outlines the main characteristics of hedge funds and looks at how these differ from traditional investment funds. There are over a dozen investment techniques used in hedge fund industry in order to make returns. The paper describes four of them: opportunistic, market neutral - securities hedging, global macro and value investment style. The great size of the assets under management of the hedge fund suggests that they are important clients of investment banks and can play a significant role in the financial markets. The paper also takes a closer look at how investment banks work with hedge funds and what impact the hedge funds have on the overall stability of the financial markets.

Outline:
Introduction
An Overview of Hedge Funds, Comparison to Traditional Funds and Their Importance as Clients of Investment Banks
Recent Expansion of Hedge Funds
Hedge Funds and Financial Stability
Some Risks Associated With Hedge Funds
Regulation of Hedge Funds
Hedge Funds' Investment Styles
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The definition of a hedge fund is an investment institution, which actively manages its portfolio using a large number of strategies and leverage in order to produce high returns, which are measured in absolute terms and/or over a specified benchmark, such as FTSE100 in the UK or the DOW30 in the US. Hedge funds are similar to the traditional investment funds in that they are both pooled and professionally managed, however, there is a number of differences. Unlike traditional funds HFs are practically unregulated and have the flexibility in their trading and investment strategies, e.g. go short when markets are bearish or when a manager thinks that an asset is overpriced and is due a correction (source: Investopedia)."

Tags:investment financial stability stock markets trading strategies regulation

Abstract
Recent years have seen remarkable volatility in UK financial markets and, indeed, in financial markets around the globe. A number of factors may be said to be responsible for this volatility. These different factors are discussed in turn, with particular emphasis on the impact of the factor on the financial markets of the United Kingdom. These topical discussions are followed by a general discussion of the question of influences on markets.

Outline
Introduction
Technology
Globalisation
Corporate Scandals
Terrorism
War
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In recent years, technology has had a profound impact on markets in two different ways. First, technology itself has made possible improved and different trading mechanism as well as making real-time relevant information available to investors and funds managers in an unprecedented manner. Second, the technology stock 'bubble,' during which technology stocks soared on speculation only to decline suddenly, impacted markets themselves as well as the fortunes and perceptions of investors. Some analysts point out that technology itself is somewhat value neutral, in that it may be used for purposes that either increase or decrease market stability."

Tags:globalisation, technology, corporate, scandals, terrorism

Abstract
This paper examines the emergence of the economic crisis in light of its relationship to the global financial market. Primary causes of the current economic crisis are analyzed at length, such as the role of interest rates, government policies and the real estate market. Conversely, the positive side and achievements of the global financial markets are also discussed. The paper gives and in-depth look at the base interest rate, listing and how it is calculated. The monetary policies of national banks are also considered at length, both within their own countries and as they related to foreign exchange markets. The paper concludes with a discussion of domestic and international banking, describing their similarities and differences.

Outline:
The Base Interest Rate
Foreign Exchange Markets
International and Domestic Banking

From the Paper
"The financial market can then be blamed for at least having supported the emergence of the crisis, but it can also be praised for other major achievements. In order to better assess the achievements and failures of the global financial market, one should first get a thorough understanding of three of its most important concepts: setting the base interest rate, the features of foreign exchange markets through the lens of monetary policies and third, the differences between international and domestic banking."

Tags:FOREX, international banking, base interest rate, securities, bonds

Abstract
This paper discusses various financial and economic topics. The first is related to the financial markets and their typologies vis-a-vis investment categories. The second focus of the paper is financial intermediaries and their role within the overall economy as facilitators of market access. Finally, the monetary system as it relates to payment and the current shift to a cashless system and society is discussed.

From the Paper
"This document discusses various financial and economic topics. The first is related to the financial markets and their typologies vis-AfA -vis investment categories. The second focus of the paper is financial intermediaries and their role within the overall economy as facilitators of market access. Finally, the monetary system as it relates to payment and the current shift to a cashless system and society is discussed. Money and Banking Financial Markets Financial markets are essentially organized into a series of class types..."

Tags:money, banking, cashless

Abstract
This document discusses Riordan Manufacturing as it relates to the firm's pending expansion into the Canadian market. Examined are relative international business issues centered on international financial organizations as they function within regional trading blocs. Additionally, the foreign exchange concerns that Riordan and other companies face across markets, regardless of currencies involved, is discussed. Finally, how to mitigate or manage this volatility in the foreign exchange markets is examined.

Tags:financial, markets

Abstract
A study of the financial market. The author examines the aspects of forecasting such as risk and return in financial marketing. Includes diagrams and explanations.

From the Paper
" Forecasting financial markets plays an important role in business decision-making process. There are many business decisions that need inputs from forecasting results. This is mainly due to the uncertainty of the future events. The business decision-making process would become much easier if you are able to forecast about what would happen in the future. The information provided by the forecasting results such as interest rate, exchange rate, inflation, market index, would be one of the important input for making business decisions. Nevertheless a good business decision is a balanced combination between the basic knowledge of specific series and the forecasting result of particular of data. Therefore, It is not wise only to rely heavily on forecasting results and ignore all the available general knowledge and qualitative information. The forecasting results that are not supported by related basic knowledge could be misleading."

Tags:economics, finance, predcit, money, investment, gain, win, lose

Abstract
This paper examines the impacts of international financial markets and the way these have impacted world economies and trade.

From the Paper
"As monetary, political, trade and other restrictions are eased in countries all over the world, more investors find themselves able to contemplate maximizing their returns in international financial markets or on foreign companies listed on domestic exchanges the capital markets have become global; currently, more than 300 companies from fifty countries trade their shares on the NYSE, and are worth about ten percent of the market value of U.S. equities (International Monetary Fund, 1999)."

Tags:international, macro, global, trade, market, consumerism, buy, sell, technology