Abstract
The paper shows that, although the term "Buffalo Soldier" is often proudly used in reference to any man of African American descent in the United States military, it originally denoted those who served in the cavalry and infantry, fighting in the Indian Wars. Over 180,000 Buffalo Soldier (mostly on the Unionist side) fought during the American Civil War and over 33,000 died. This paper shows the difficulties such as racism and hostilities faced by these Buffalo Soldiers. It describes the conditions under which these special units fought and their role in the peace-keeping attempts between the whites and the Native Americans.

From the Paper
"As hostilities increased between the white settlers and the Indians, the Buffalo Soldiers became the force responsible for ensuring that peace was kept. As the hostile Indians were forced onto reservations which failed to support them, they resorted to war against not only the white settlers but also the Indian tribes who had allied themselves with the whites. The Buffalo Soldiers fought against them with great courage and, considering their equipment and experience, with considerable success. To their credit, they did not once participate in either massacres or atrocities. They fought, at one time or another, the Kickapoos, Lipans, Comanches, Utes, Kiowas, Apaches, Shoshones, Cheyennes, Bannocks, Sioux and Blackfeet, as well as Mexicans and Chiricahua renegades. Although many of them had no previous fighting experience, they prevailed against such great leaders as Chatto, Geronimo, Cochise, Juh, Satanta, Victorio, Nachez, Loco, Benito, Mangus and Nana."

Tags:George, Washington, War, of, IndependenceCathay, Williams, Henry, Plummer

Abstract
This paper discusses Thomas King's novel "Green Grass, Running Water" and how it offers a modern socio economic view of Buffalo Bill as an exploiter of Native Americans. The paper compares King's view of Buffalo Bill to that of Black Elk's view in "Black Elk Speaks" which presents a picture of the historical Buffalo Bill that is more humane in how he remembers his adventures with the traveling Wild West show.

From the Paper
"By understanding the intertextual references that King makes within his more modern depiction of Buffalo Bill, one can see how he is similar to Black Elk's explanations of how this famous western character interacted with Native Americans. In contrast, the Black Elk helps forge this intertextual message in portraying the reality of Indians in connection with the historical Buffalo Bill in opposition to King's modern view of Indians. In essence, a compare and contrast of these two narratives will be examined to discover how Buffalo Bill is represented in both modern and historical perspectives."

Tags:elk, king, grass

Abstract
This paper argues that the Buffalo Soldiers played a crucial, though often overlooked, role in the history of Westward expansion. It looks at how, by protecting settlers, the Buffalo Soldiers paved the way for the settlement of the West and the creation of the United States. It also examines how, by showing courage on the battlefield, the Buffalo Soldiers challenged prevailing misconceptions about black people and how, in doing so, they contributed to the establishment of multicultural societies in the West and, by extension, in the rest of the United States.

From the Paper
"The Buffalo Soldiers initially came into being because during the late 19th century, the United States Military supported segregation. Black freemen thus could not serve along with the white soldiers. Thus, the Buffalo Soldiers were tasked with building forts which were often reserved only for white soldiers. In Forth Concho, the Buffalo Soldiers were housed in separate rooms. However, historians like Stanford L. Davis (1999) argue that the realities of military life would have forced these soldiers to come into contact with one another, during activities like meals, maneuvers or training. In this way, Davis argues that the presence of the Buffalo Soldiers in military establishments would have laid a foundation for challenging many white soldiers? prejudices against black people."

Tags:segregation, prejudice, blacks, whites, cavalry

Abstract
Defining mental disorders and subsequent behaviors through the DSM-IV-TR (2000) and associated research is a daunting task indeed. Applying these disorders to the characters, Hannibal Lector and Buffalo Bill, in the movie "The Silence of the Lambs" (1991), requires critical and analytical thinking about mental disorders, etiology of the disorders, and subsequent behaviors as a result. This paper presents a discussion of the disorders using a variety of information in the literature and then presents the key behaviors in a comprehensive table for ease of possible diagnosis. Finally, these defined behaviors are applied to Hannibal Lector and Buffalo Bill in an attempt to give a picture of how these two characters became who they are.

Table of Contents
List of Tables
Introduction
Component I: Disorders and Behavioral Manifestations Guide.
Schizophrenia
Conduct Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Exhibitionism Paraphilia
Fetishism Paraphilia
Frotteurism Paraphilia
Voyeurism Paraphilia
Pedophilia
Hebephilia
Component II: Assign Disorders to the Characters Hannibal Lector and Buffalo Bill
Component III: Identify probable Etiology of the Disorder
References

From the Paper
"Component I of this paper is a general guideline of 13 mental disorders, each followed by a comprehensive checklist of behaviors that meet the criterion for each mental disorder. Component II of this paper is where the guideline is utilized in assigning disorders to the characters Hannibal Lector and Buffalo Bill, in the movie The Silence of the Lambs, (1991). Finally, component III mergers the general guideline with the diagnoses of Hannibal Lector and Buffalo Bill and presents a picture as to the etiology of the disorders and the resulting behaviors observed. This will then give a picture as to precursor and probable subsequent behaviors."

Tags:crime, criminal, disorders, dsm, guide, illness, mental, psychotic

Abstract
On February 26, 1972, the coal waster dam at Buffalo Creek collapsed and flooded Logan County's communities with water, sludge, waste and rubble. More than 125 people were killed, 1000 were injured and 4000 left homeless. This paper focuses on this disaster which was not attributed to mother nature. The Buffalo Creek Disaster of 1972, in many circles within the Appalachian community, was considered to be the fault of a mining company. In contrast, the mining company's upper management claim that the dam breaking was an act of God. From an outside point of view, it is difficult to decide which is correct and this is what continues to create controversy. This paper looks at the disaster from many standpoints. First, this paper describes exactly what happened that fateful morning. It looks at different accounts and descriptions of the event. Second, this paper examines the existing trauma still evident among the disaster's survivors and also explores how this event has affected the coal mining industry from the worker's perspective. Third, this paper looks at the lawsuit that quickly followed as part of the aftermath. Finally, this paper attempts to determine who is to blame. The paper looks at steps that the coal-mining executives have taken to improve dam technology and other business practices that seem to incriminate.

Paper Outline:
Introduction
The Disaster
Survivors' Trauma and Long Term Affects
The Lawsuit
Who is to Blame?
Conclusion
Works Cited

From the Paper
"The people of Buffalo Creek would like to see someone accountable for the disaster. Even before the collapse, many citizens had gone to Pittston to complain and display their concern over the dam's safety. Giardina writes, "residents of Buffalo Creek had repeatedly complained to the company that dam was unsafe but had received no response" (2). This would later become an issue as the settlement was being decided based on three out of five manifestations of survivor syndrome. The three being: death imprint, death guilt and psychic numbing."

Tags:PTSD, coal, miner, Lloyds, insurance

Abstract
This paper explains that, in February of 1972, a dam built of coal waste refuse collapsed, unleashing a torrent of water and waste, sludge derived from coal-mining and coal-washing operations, killing 25 people and leaving the four thousand survivors homeless, their lives devastated, and their personal properties destroyed. The author recounts that Washington DC-based Arnold and Porter, for which Gerald Stern worked, took on the case; Stern's work as an advocate for disenfranchised minority citizens of the American Deep South made him an ideal and idealistic lawyer representing the survivors of the Buffalo Creek disaster. The paper relates the two main aspects to the Buffalo Creek Disaster lawsuit, which Stern won,: (1) The plaintiffs had to prove that Pittston was not simply careless or negligent, but was actually recklessly responsible for the disaster; and (2) Stern had to come up with monetary figures for his plaintiffs, assessing the damages due to them should the lawsuit be successful.

From the Paper
"Following the disaster, which occurred in a section of rural Logan County, West Virginia, the coal company blamed nature, calling the dam failure an "act of God." This vague term was meant to assuage the survivors of the disaster and ease the pain of losing their loved ones and friends. However, the collapse of a waste water dam was obviously no "act of God" and it became apparent that the only way to prevent the coal company from getting away with their gross negligence was to sue and sue big. Stern had hoped to file criminal as well as civil charges against Pittston, the New York corporation that owned the Buffalo Mining Company. Although the Buffalo Mining Company was itself the owner of the dam, Stern reasoned that it would be far simpler and more effective to directly sue Pittston. Part of this decision was based on what Pittston describes as "piercing the corporate veil.""

Tags:negligence, coal-mining, survivors, judgment, plaintiffs

Abstract
This is a short review of the film "Buffalo soldiers" that traces the achievements of the African-American soldiers and the manner in which they were discriminated against.

From the Paper
"The African American contribution to the Civil War and the American culture has largely been ignored. This has caused the concept of systemic racism to arise within the American nation that is creating a view of something less than a democratic view of the state. However, there are certain media contributions in the form of films, books and art that suggest that the African American contribution may not be openly acknowledged but in time the effort will be accepted. Buffalo Soldiers is one such film that chronicles the activities of the 10th Cavalry, which in 1880 battled renegade Apaches led by Chief Victorio. Unlike most of the war chronicles its not about Indians vs Cowboys but rather has adept not found in most Western genre films."

Tags:African, American, war, civil, 10th, Cavalry, soldier

Abstract
This paper shows that despite relative success of the African American community that is currently active in this area, the history of the "road to success" has been a very difficult one. The paper explains that the history of the conflict still effects Blacks today and continues to hamper their social, political and career advancements. A thorough history of this conflict is detailed.

From the Paper
"The history of Buffalo New York would not be the same had it not been for the contributions of blacks. Yet, it seems that the story of their history has been one of struggle against seemingly insurmountable odds. Blacks of today enjoy many comforts and hold many important public positions. The struggles of Black culture in New York has seen many triumphs, as will be highlighted in this paper. However, the stereotypical attitudes that whites have towards blacks still continues to be a negative influence on the position of Blacks in Buffalo today. These attitudes are rooted in the history of Buffalo, and although, times are not as violent as they were in the past, the struggle for racial equality still has a long road ahead."

Tags:race, racial, discrimination, history, african, american, black, new, york, buffalo, slavery, quaker

From the Paper
"Preceding the entrance of the Sioux, onto the plains, the horse was already becoming part of the Plains Indians life. Brought to America by the Spanish, the horse was viewed as a "mystery dog" by the Native Americans. At first the horses were stolen to be used as food. The Indians saw the horse as a fairly easy way of getting meat. It was the Mexican peasants, after revolting against the Spanish, showed the Indians what the use of the horse really was. The horse then became an integral part of their lives. Not only could they be used to carry people, they were put to use as carriers of household goods. This gave much relief to the dogs and women who were the prior beasts of burden. With this new mode of transportation they could there have moreprosperous buffalo hunts, also alleviating some of the danger associated with hunting buffalo on foot. The buffalo began providing for all their needs, food, clothing, and household goods. The buffalo became a four-legged commisary that the tribes could follow more easily with the horse. As the herds migrated, so did the Native Americans. Before the horse, the Indians led a slow paced settled life. This was especially true for the Sioux tribe. "

Tags:buffalo, horse, lakota, language, sioux

Abstract
This paper reviews the horrific mining disaster that took place in a West Virginia mining town in 1972. Information regarding the loss of life and property is taken from Gerald Stern's book, "The Buffalo Creek Disaster: How the Survivors of One of the Worst Disasters in Coal-Mining History Brought Suit Against the Coal Company--And Won". The paper also looks at the negligence of the Buffalo Mining Company, which caused one of the worst man-made disasters in history and the legal case brought against them by survivors of the tragedy.

From the Paper
"A few days prior to February 26, 1972, rain fell almost continuously, which was typical for this time of year. Buffalo Mining officials, concerned about the condition of the highest dam, measured water levels every two hours the night of the twenty-fifth. Although a Pittston official in the area was alerted to the increasing danger, the residents of the hollow were not officially informed. The one positive about living in a small town is that news travels fast. So, despite the lack of warning from company officials, some residents discerned the danger and moved to higher ground. At 8:05 a.m., the dam collapsed and the water obliterated the other two impoundments. Approximately 132 million gallons of black, waste water hurried through the narrow Buffalo Creek concave."

Tags:pittston, buffalo, creek, black, water, released, dam, gob, mud, middle, fork