Abstract
In this paper a medieval village has been evaluated for class stratification, health policy, and the nature of the bubonic plague in the Middle Ages. The paper explains that by representing a fictional citizen of this town, one can begin to understand the lack of medical science and policy initiatives that eventually led to a wide spread epidemic in medieval society. The paper then analyzes the various aspects of the bubonic plague within this study of life in a medieval town during the year 1349. The paper also explores how, by being unaware of the nature of the disease and its symptoms, medieval communities were annihilated by a lack of quarantine policies that would have prevented more infections.

From the Paper
"The issue of class hierarchy in our town makes virtual servants or "vassals" to our Lord or landowner on the hill. We make sure to farm the local area to provide food for our Lord, and he--in return--makes sure that we are protected with his various knights from other landowners. Also, the Church is prominent in our town, and we have the local clergy on a neighboring hill--making sure that prayers are being said to remove the plague from our village. However, although a peasant--like myself--might view the Roman Catholic Church as an institution that would help the poor and suffering, the clergy have monastic retreats in the countryside, in which, they do nothing to help solve our medical dilemma."

Tags:blacl, plague, civilization, sickness, medical, dilemma

Abstract
This paper evaluates a medieval village with respect to its class stratification, health policy, and its susceptibility to the bubonic plague in the Middle Ages. The writer presents a fictional citizen of this town, and attempts to show how the town's policy and lack of quarantine combined with inadequate medical knowledge led to a wide spread epidemic of the plague.

From the Paper
"By representing a fictional citizen of this town, one can begin to understand the lack of medical science and policy initiatives that eventually led to a wide spread epidemic in medieval society. By being unaware of the nature of the disease and its symptoms, medieval communities were annihilated by a lack of quarantine policies that would have prevented more infections."

Tags:plague, medieval, death

Abstract
This paper examines the history, economics and politics of the Bubonic Plague and AIDS. The paper explores the art and literature that sprung forth from both these epidemics. The paper contends that there are many similarities between the Bubonic Plague and AIDS. The paper elaborates that they both caught the world by surprise and initially no cures were known for either disease. The paper draws further parallels, stating that both diseases spread quickly and superstitions and myth surrounded the causes of both diseases. The paper also claims that bigotry and ignorance prevailed in both cases.

From the Paper
"The fourth law was "to avoid the foul stench which the bodies of the dead give off they have provided and ordered that any ditch in which a dead body is to be buried must be dug under ground to a depth of 2 1/2 braccia by the measure of the city of Pistoia" ("Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe"). The fifth law "provided and ordered that no person of whatever condition or status or authority shall dare or presume to return or to carry to the city of Pistoia any dead body in or out of a casket or in any manner"("Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe"). There were 25 ordinances passed to protect the citizens from the spread of the plague. Unlike in some areas, where bigotry and superstition was the rule, most of the laws were based on common sense. The laws did prevent the spread of the Plague into Pistoia, which is a miracle considering the fate of Florence."

Tags:disease, epidemic, health

From the Paper
"Most people associate bubonic plague with the dreaded "Black Death" epidemic which took place in Europe during the fourteenth century. However, although they are comparatively rare, cases of bubonic plague still occur sporadically in various parts of the world today, including the United States (McEvedy, 1988, p. 118). One of the most characteristic symptoms of the plague is a "bubo," a large growth on the body caused by the swelling of a lymph gland. Buboes usually appear on the groin, neck, or armpit of the victim (Forgotten, but not gone, 1989, p. 84). Other possible symptoms of bubonic plague include: "shivering, fever, vomiting, headache, giddiness, intolerance to light, pain in the abdomen, back, and limbs, insomnia, apathy, and delirium" (Matossian, 1989, p. 48). The plague also causes hemorrhaging under the skin, which results in black splotches appearing on the..."

Abstract
This paper covers the history of the epidemic of the bacterium that came to be known as the bubonic plague. It begins in 540 A.D., with the first record of its occurrence, and continues to show its from the Mediterranean throughout Europe and Asia. The plague's spread to England in the 1600s led to the first autopsies being conducted and began the search for a cause and cure to this disease. It has virtually been eliminated in our lifetime with only isolated cases occurring, although, there are now fears that it can be isolated and used as a bio-weapon by terrorists in today's world.

From the Paper
"Despite of what is thought, the bubonic plague did not end in medieval times. It has kept killing people all the way until today. The next big outbreak after the one in 1665 was in China in 1894. It then spread west to Bombay, India, and in that the time it took to do that the disease killed millions of people. The next couple of decades after that outbreak, scientists were able to identify and classify the disease and its history. However it could at times be difficult for the scientists because symptoms of the bubonic plague often resembled those of other diseases common in the hot climate of the jungles in India."

Tags:black, bubonic, death, pestis, plague, yersinia, vaccination, cure, bacteria, microscopes, scientists, bio-terrorists, bacteria, europe, studies, bitten, flea, cell, immune, system, jungles, india, brazil, united, states, military, research

Abstract
This paper explores the history of the Black Plague, also known as The Black Death or the bubonic plague. The paper explains that throughout history, the Black Plague has emerged in some societies and then laid dormant, only to become active again, killing massive numbers of populations. Primarily carried by rats and the fleas that feed from them, the Black Plague has been cited as existing in a growing number of cases in modern times, although its roots began centuries earlier. There have been several pandemics of the Black Plague, which is the most devastating infection that the world has ever known. Yet, the plague is considered to be a concern of the past. This belief is false, as health organizations indicate through statistics and it is through an understanding of how the plague impacted previous societies that the leaders of the modern world should act to prevent a new pandemic from occurring today.

Tags:death, epidemic, ages, sanitation

Abstract
This paper discusses the causes and effects of the Black Plague or the Black Death, as it was known to Europeans (or formerly known as the Bubonic Plague). It describes the nature of the Black Plague and its effects on individuals and communities. The paper then discusses how the Black Plague contributed to the end of feudalism in Europe.

From the Paper
"Europeans in the middle ages tended to be superstitious in their religious beliefs. As they searched for something or someone to blame for the wrath of the plague, all of their praying and blind faith did not protect them from being infected. Comets, earthquakes, astrological configurations and the sin of humankind were all examined as possible causes. Interestingly, as Christians watched as their cardinals, bishops, priests and other clergy fall dead, just as vulnerable as anyone else, the religious strength of the feudal structure began to decline, as well. It is thought that these events may have ignited the Protestant Reformation (Uretsky)."

Tags:Middle, Ages, bubonic, Black, Death, epidemic

Abstract
This paper focuses primarily on "the" plague, which caused thousands of deaths throughout Europe during the 6th and 14th centuries and which currently remains a public health problem. In addition, the author discusses six modern plagues, such as the west Nile virus and AIDS. The author describes the three types of traditional plague, as well as the treatment, locations, control and preventative medication for plagues. The author also reviews the use of the plague as a biological weapon.

Table of Contents:
From the Past to the Future
A Purported Persistent Problem
"Strange New Disease"
West Nile Virus
Six Modern Plagues
Mad Cow Disease
HIV/AIDS
Hantavirus
Lyme
New Strain of Salmonella
Contributing Causes of "Modern Plagues" Considered
The Plague, per se
Three Forms of Plague
Bubonic Plague
Septicemic Plague
Pneumonic Plague
Treatment Regime
Plague around the World
Control Considerations
Preventative Medication
Plague as a Biological Weapon?

From the Paper
"A confirmed plague diagnosis triggers reporting requirements to certain health departments, including the Centers for Disease Control, which in turn, reports plague incidents to the World Health Organization. Diagnostic tests to confirm plague include: a complete blood count, a urinalysis, arterial blood gas, peripheral smear looking for Y pestis coccobaccilus, gram stain, cultures of blood, sputum, and bubo aspirate, chest radiography, specialized diagnostic testing, a F1 antigen rapid diagnostic test, Y pestis fluorescent antibody stain, and a Y pestis fluorescent antibody titer."

Tags:epidemics globalization rodents, diagnostic test, programs

Abstract
This paper discusses the history of the plague, stating that the "Black Death" that gripped Medieval Europe was not the first reported incident of a plague epidemic, which was actually first recorded in AD 541. The paper also talks about the causes of these mass epidemics, which modern scientists now understand as being the living conditions in Medieval Europe, including overcrowded conditions and a lack of hygiene. However, as the paper analyzes, plagues are still found in modern times because the plague could be transmitted by almost any mammal, since fleas are pests that plague almost every mammal species. Specifically, this paper looks into the different transmission avenues of the plague virus, as well as the three different forms of the plague: bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, and septicemic plague and the symptoms of each. Furthermore, treatment regimes, geographic areas of infection and prevention techniques are discussed in this paper. All references for this paper are contained in the footnotes provided.

From the Paper
"The treatment regime is the same, regardless of the type of plague involved. When plague is suspected, the patient is to be immediately isolated. A suspected plague diagnosis can be made from a combination of symptoms and risk factors. The risk factors include living in an area of known plague foci, contact with sick animals (including employment as a veterinarian or in a similar position), wilderness activity, fleabite, or recent plague in the community. Furthermore, a plague diagnosis triggers reporting requirements to certain health departments, including the Centers for Disease Control. The Centers for Disease Control reports plague incidents to the World Health Organization. Laboratory tests can confirm a plague diagnosis. Diagnostic tests include: a complete blood count, a urinalysis, arterial blood gas, peripheral smear looking for Y pestis coccobaccilus, gram stain, cultures of blood, sputum, and bubo aspirate, chest radiography, specialized diagnostic testing, a F1 antigen rapid diagnostic test, Y pestis fluorescent antibody stain, and a Y pestis fluorescent antibody titer."

Tags:prevention, transmission, types, symptoms, locations, treatments

Abstract
This paper examines Albert Camus's "The Plague", a tale about a small town's struggle with the infection of bubonic plague and the way in which they deal with this affliction. As well as being a well-written tale of natural calamity, the author, Albert Camus, also wrote "The Plague" as an allegory for Germany's occupation of France during the Second World War. It shows how, in this allegory, Camus uses many symbols to represent occurrences involving this invasion. It also analyzes how Camus had several purposes for writing this novel; firstly, he wished to document his perspective of Germany's attack on France, and secondly, he wished to provide some warnings to humanity regarding the good and evil and correct and incorrect reactions in disastrous situations.

From the Paper
"If Albert Camus had documented his opinions on the French government's management of the German invasion, he surely would have been persecuted. Instead, he created an allegory where he used symbols which paralleled with realistic events. The first of these important symbols were the rats which suddenly appeared on the streets of Oran symbolizing Germany's unexpected invasion of France. The next symbol was the serum used to combat the plague which, when eventually arriving in Oran, was too little, too late. This symbolizes France's own need to call for reinforcements, but upon arrival, they were too little, too late. The final, important symbol can be seen in Camus' portrayal of the Prefect. During the outset of the Plague, Dr. Rieux called for strict measures to be taken. However, the Prefect and his advisors did not want to believe that their town was infected by the plague and delayed any action which would ensure against mass infection."

Tags:second, war, world, germany, france, attack