Abstract
The issue of Brownfield re-development has been one of the most significant matters to ever consume the time and attention of Toronto civic leaders. Indeed, the consensus (at least among those who closely follow the flagging fortunes of the city's waterfront) is that a failure to adequately resolve Toronto's brown field problem will do lasting harm to Canada's largest metropolitan center. In this paper, the writer explores the brown field redevelopment situation in Toronto by examining whether or not there are any differences to be found between the redeveloped condominiums built on former industrial sites and those built at other locations.

Tags:brownfield, toronto, plan

Abstract
This paper discusses the Brownfield redevelopment project in the Greater Toronto area. The paper contends that the considerable interest in Brownfield redevelopment, as seen in the prominence of such projects as the Gooderham and Worts Distillery, the redevelopment of the former Greenwood racetrack in the Beaches, and most recently the Port Lands and the Railway Lands, suggest that Brownfield redevelopment is an idea whose time has come. The paper also points out that this level of redevelopment is only occurring due to market forces as the high cost of real estate in Toronto render the cleanup costs necessary for Brownfield redevelopment acceptable to private developers. The paper then discusses and analyzes many of the issues surrounding the redevelopment of Brownfield.

From the Paper
During the past two decades there has been considerable interest in brownfield redevelopment in the Greater Toronto Area. The prominence of such projects as the Gooderham and Worts Distillery, the redevelopment of the former Greenwood racetrack in the Beaches, and most recently the Port Lands and the Railway Lands appears to suggest that brownfield redevelopment is an idea whose time has come. While this level of redevelopment is undeniable, it must also be acknowledged that, in most cases, this level of redevelopment is only occurring due to market forces as the high cost of real estate in Toronto render the cleanup costs necessary for brownfield redevelopment acceptable to private developers.

Tags:urban, studies, geography

Abstract
This paper explains that a Brownfield site is any land or premises which has been used previously as a building site and is not currently fully in use and can be used again as part of an environmental policy plan. The author points out that such land may be derelict land, which requires the removal of chemical waste, derelict infrastructure or instability problems, before the land can be redeveloped. The paper relates that the Brownfield system has been successful because it has opened the way for most investors while still maintaining sufficient control to force a cleanup and to assure that housing is placed where housing is needed and business property where business property is needed, according to some centralized plan rather than on an ad hoc basis as was more common in the past.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Availability
National Land Use Data Base Statistics: Context
Characteristics of Brownfield Sites
Stoke-on-Trent
Agency
Economic Issues
Social Policy
Physical Development
Leveraging Partners

From the Paper
"One of the areas that have been redeveloped in this fashion is at Stoke-on-Trent, and analysts have examined this site and reported on the brownfield process. R.M. Ball writes specifically about recent policy pronouncements on the UK built environment so as to reinforce the importance of infrastructure, sustainable use, and brownfield
development, and he focuses directly on the issue of vacant industrial premises, or brown buildings, in the local industrial property market. Ball argues that property development is both an economic and a social process, and in both areas, Ball sees the process as an interaction between "actors" in the development process in relation to structural forces that both constrain and facilitate actors as they seek to express and realize their interests."

Tags:used-previously, intervention, agents, infrastructure, investors

Abstract
The value of revitalizing contaminated sites, or brownfields, has gained widespread acceptance. The efforts at remediation and eventual redevelopment of these sites involve several stakeholders, since the exercise directly impacts a number of different interests. The paper shows that the key issues to be resolved for the successful rejuvenation of brownfields sites are technical, legal, financial, future land use and community issues. Satisfactory resolution of these issues results in a happy confluence of interests working together to ensure the full exploitation of these under-utilized assets. This paper fully discusses the issues and the attendant obstacles to redevelopment of brownfields sites, and examines some of the more successful approaches which have been employed.

Paper Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Major Issues in Brownfields Redevelopment
References

From the Paper
"Liability protection ranks high on the list of concerns for potential investors, and the VCPs have responded to this obstacle. Many states offer some measure of liability protection. However, the liability assurances offered by VCPs must be in keeping with current state laws, and can only be for such activities as recognized by that state. Thus, there is always the possibility, however remote, of these guarantees being supplanted by federal law."

Tags:environmental, health, hazards, VCP, MCL

Abstract
This paper explains the term 'brownfields' and describes the steps that U.S Environmental Protection Agency and Congress have taken to treat contamination levels on brownfields. Laws and policies involved in these cleanup procedures are defined before the author cites a successful case study - a previous junkyard lot situated in Covington, Kentucky. Details of the site are provided as well as the types of contaminants present in the site and redevelopment plans.

Outline:
Introduction
Site Description and Stakeholders
Environmental
Policy Incentives to Spur Reuse or Redevelopment
Site and Community Revitalization
References

From the Paper
"In 1995, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) helped to create the brownfield grant program in order to provide incentives for the redevelopment of these sites that plague the country. Most states, like Kentucky, for example, have implemented programs that are specific to the conditions and sites within their region promoting a more voluntary attitude to brownfield remediation. There is a great deal of work to be done with regard to abandoned sites in the United States."

Tags:industrial waste, contamination treatment environment

Abstract
This paper discusses the Brownfields Statute Law Amendment Act which relates to lands in Ontario that have been used in the past for industrial or commercial activity. The author explains the goals and benefits that could be realized from such legislation.

From the Paper
"Brownfields are lands on which industrial or commercial activity took place in the past and that may need to be cleaned up before it can be redeveloped. As a result of this, Ontario passed legislation and regulations to aid in this transition. The Brownfields Statute Law Amendment Act was brought around in 2001 and focused on a variety of issues that concerned the cleanup and betterment of the environment . Things such as environmental liability, planning and financing are important factors that strengthen the resolve to redevelop contaminated areas."

Tags:planning, investment, economic

Abstract
This paper discusses the debate surrounding the lowering of the legal minimum drinking age and, in doing so, examines and compares two peer-reviewed articles on the subject: "Effects of Minimum Drinking Age Laws" by A.C. Wagenaar and T.L. Toomey and "Indirect Effects of Lowering the Drinking Age on New Zealand Students' Alcohol-Related Behaviours and Attitudes" by K. Brownfield, K. Fernando and J. Halberstadt. The paper shows how these two articles answer a number of questions regarding the sociological and scientific research discussions about the effects that a lowered drinking age has on driving under the influence.

Outline:
Introduction
Results and Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The legal minimum drinking age is a highly debated and frequently contested issue in public policy and law. One of the most incremental issues regarding the legal drinking age is the number of automobile accidents, that involve drinking. DUIs are significant issues in any community and among teens and youthful drinkers they seem to be even more significant due to the fact that these drivers are inexperienced, often distracted and highly likely to challenge the boundaries of safe driving with or without alcohol. (Sarkar & Andreas, 2004, p. 687) There are those who say that a reduction in the drinking age will likely result in an increase in the incidence of DUI and DUI related accidents while still others say that the drinking age should be lowered as it allows drinking behavior to be monitored and controlled in a way that is positive for the community and would likely reduce incidence of DUI."

Tags:risks, teenagers