Abstract
The paper describes the case study of the presentation of bronchitis following congestive heart failure and cellulitis in a seventy-four year old male smoker. The paper looks at the basic pathophysiology of bronchitis, how it affects the lungs and airways of the respiratory system and how it can lead to the nursing diagnosis of dyspnea. The paper explains how the markedly reduced efficiency of the respiratory system has effects on the circulatory, immune, nervous and digestive systems. The paper concludes that the patient's lifetime of heavy smoking is almost certainly the cause of his chronic bronchitis, and is likely at least partially responsible for his congestive heart failure.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Basic Pathophysiology
Respiratory System
Circulatory System
Immunological System
The Nervous and Digestive Systems
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In this case study of Peter, a seventy-four year old male of Hawaiian descent previously diagnosed and treated for congestive heart failure, the patient presented with symptoms of dyspnea and hyperventilation. The patient also has a persistent and productive cough, and wheezes when he breathes. Given the fact that the patient smoked a self-reported three packs a day for forty years, and admitted to recently beginning this habit again and is already smoking at the rate of one-and-a-half packs a day, chronic bronchitis is highly indicated. Diagnosis is complicated by existing symptoms from pre-existing conditions in this patient, but the apparent resolution of many of these symptoms and introduction of heretofore unassociated and newly presented symptoms heightens the likelihood of a diagnosis of chronic bronchitis."

Tags:heart, failure, dyspnea, respiratory, system, lungs, airways, breathing, smoking

Abstract
This paper looks at the problems of acute bronchitis within a child and what symptoms he or she would develop, also looking at possible medication to help calm the infection down and fight the virus, medication such as antibiotics are covered.

From the Paper
"FOLK REMEDIES IN INDIA

Introduction
Since the 1950s the study of ethnobotany has increased. Ethnobotany is the word used to define the experience of people observing birds and animals, and testing leaves, fruits and tubers for abilities to satisfy hunger or heal wounds. India has elements that contribute to ethnobotanical richness, floristic diversity, ethnic diversity, and rich tradition; it has a variety of climatic and physiographical conditions, cold and arid, warm and human, hot and dry, and wet. India has about 45,000 plant species and medicinal properties have been assigned to several thousand of them. Approximately 2000 are found frequently in the literature and the indigenous systems commonly use 500. Current work involves botany, pharmacognosy, chemistry, pharmacology, and ..."

Abstract
This paper explains that, before the smoking epidemic can be stopped, people must first be able to understand what tobacco is and how it affects their health. The paper first describes the production of tobacco products and what makes them so harmful and then examines the common tobacco-caused deaths, including lung cancer, emphysema, bronchitis and numerous other complications. The paper also points out that one of the greatest struggles with smoking is passive or second hand smoke, which is called environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The paper concludes that the best way to overcome these problems is to educate people about the dangers of smoking not only to their health but also to the people around them.

From the Paper
"ETS affects everyone differently, but it can have the greatest impact on children and young adults. If a mother decides to smoke during her pregnancy, it may result in many complications for the child further on in life. It was determined that if a pregnant woman smokes two packs of cigarettes a day she will be blocking off forty percent of her unborn child's oxygen supply. It has also been determined that if all women decide to quit smoking while they are pregnant it could save up to 4,000 babies each year."

Tags:industry, preventable deaths, pregnant secondary education

Abstract
The paper focuses on levofloxacin, an antibiotic that has been used to treat pneumonia, sinusitis, urinary tract infections, bronchitis and exposure to anthrax. The paper describes the drug and how it is effective in the cure for pneumonia. The paper provides a description of its discovery, an evaluation to assess its efficacy and a discussion of the artificial route used in its dynamics. The paper also looks at clinical trials, post-launch market information and at comparisons to other drugs used for pneumonia in terms of suitable treatment.

Outline:
Introduction
Explanation of the Disease that the Drug is involved
and its Effects
Description of Discovery
Evaluation Used to Assess Efficiency
Artificial Route Used in its Dynamics
Information from ADME and Toxicology
Clinical Trials Date and Data
Post-launch Market Information
Comparisons to Other Drugs
Conclusions

From the Paper
"In the previous years, the development of consecutive generations of antibiotics have been elevated and dissected to deter specific diseases. For example, fluoroquinolones with lesser generations such as "levofloxacin, grepafloxacin, sitafloxacin, sparfloxacin," (Ball, 2003, p. 647) has been formulated to deter various infections. Specifically, levofloxacin, an antibiotic has been used to treat an array of bacterial infections such as pneumonia, sinusitis, urinary tract infections, bronchitis and exposure to anthrax. It has also been used as an antidepressant and heartburn. This drug sternly damages the cell walls of the infecting bacteria avoiding any multiplication."

Tags:bacteria, pathogens, infections, clinical, trials, dosage, course, strain

Abstract
This paper looks at the physiological effects that smoking marijuana has on the body. The paper relates that even though the dangers of marijuana use certainly do not rise to the level of crack cocaine or heroine, smoking pot certainly does present dangers. The paper describes some of the effects of smoking marijuana such as paranoia, infertility and other ailments such as heart disease, emphysema, bronchitis, asthma, and various types of cancer. According to the paper, the high one gets from smoking marijuana can impair judgment and cause other side effects such as paranoia in the short term and, in the long term, marijuana smoking can have much more complicated effects on the body.

From the Paper
"When a person comes down off their high, they may think they are returning to normal. However, smoking marijuana has much more serious long-term effects on the body. Recently, Lani J. Burkman, PhD at the University of Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences did a study of marijuana-smoking college men. The study focused on the way marijuana effected the men's fertility. "The smokers weren't the only ones who got high. The drug affected their sperm, too. These stoned sperm party hard. And then? They burn out, researchers say" (DeNoon 2003). The marijuana made the sperm prematurely begin hyperactivation, a type of vigourous swimming that the sperm normally perform once they enter a woman's cervix. Each individual sperm can only perform hypoeractivation for a limited period of time. Because marijuana-effected sperm start this process too early, they wear themselves out long before they have a chance to reach the egg, thus lowering a man's fertility rate. Furthermore, the researchers found that men who smoked marijuana had significantly lower seman volume than normal. "

Tags:infertility, sperm, cancer, high

Abstract
"Smoking is a factor, and an important factor, in the production of carcinoma in the lung," wrote Richard Doll and Bradford Hill some fifty years ago. It was this first study which would initiate all others. It was this first study which would be expanded and eventually establish smoking as a major health risk linking it to problems including everything from heart disease to bronchitis, from indigestion to impotence. And it was this first study which would spark the controversies still surrounding smoking, smokers and the tobacco industry. The paper argues that for over fifty years the tobacco industry has repeatedly demonstrated a callous and irresponsible demeanor. Throughout the years, the industry has lied to the public about the harmful effects of cigarettes and they have consciously marketed their product toward youth, minorities and the poor. This paper looks closely at issues surrounding cigarettes, smoking and the multi-billion dollar industry which supports and promotes mass consumption of tobacco throughout the world.

From the Paper
"In 1995, ABC News reported that tobacco companies manipulate the amount of nicotine " the primary addictive ingredient " in their cigarettes. They do this by removing nicotine from the tobacco and then restoring it, thus making it more potent. Unfortunately, ABC used the term "spike" in their report, leading many to believe that tobacco companies add more nicotine to their product. Though the vast majority of the report was valid, that single word gave the tobacco companies the opening that they required. The executives at Phillip Morris were not amused by the report at all, so they took that opening and sued ABC for ten billion dollars. (Glass, Pg 3)"

Tags:nicotine, lung, cancer, ETS

Abstract
Moxifloxacin is an antibiotic, and it comes under the classification of fluoroquinolones. It is primarily used to fight bacteria in the body, and to treat bacterial infections, including pneumonia, acute bronchitis and sinusitis. This paper presents an in-depth overview of Moxifloxacin, including its composition, the way patients are treated and its therapeutic applications and effects. The paper includes diagrams.

Paper Outline:
Composition and Structure
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion
Mechanism of Action
Therapeutic Applications/Effects
Adverse Effects/Contraindications/Drug Interactions
Regulatory Issues for New Zealand
Reference List

From the Paper
"Most adverse effects reported in clinical trails of the drug Moxifloxacin were described as being either moderate or extreme, and where it affected the entire body, it resulted in headache, abdominal pain, asthenia, injection site pain, and allergic reactions, and also certain moliasis, and certain pains all over the body. Cardiovascular reactions included palpitation, vasodilatation, tachycardia, and hypertension, or the QT interval would be inordinately prolonged. In the nervous system, the side effects are insomnia and vertigo, or somnolence, tremors, nausea, diarrhea, a severe anxiety, and so on and so forth, and in the digestive system, vomiting and constipation."

Tags:hydrochloride, APA, pharmaceutics, antibacterial, chemotherapy

Abstract
This paper uses the definition of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) as an umbrella term that refers to a large group of lung diseases which can interfere with normal breathing including emphysema, chronic bronchitis and chronic asthma. This paper reviews nursing interventions such as COPD education, exercises of upper and lower extremities, breathing exercises and psychosocial support. The author concludes that the nurse should do a thorough assessment of the patient?s physical and psychological status and that there are several interventions from which nurses can select, thus the patient need not be restricted to any one particular type of intervention.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Nursing Interventions
Conclusions
Applications

From the Paper
"In terms of interventions to prevent post-operative complications in COPD patients, the first step that must be taken is a complete assessment of the patient. This assessment is most likely best accomplished by using Gordon's (1998) Function Health Pattern classification for assessment developed for The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA). What Gordon (1998) observed is that a diagnosis is a conceptual model for interpreting a set of observations in order to provide organization for understanding these observations as they relate to diagnosis of any kind."

Tags:assessment, education, exercise, breathing, emphysema

Abstract
The causes of smoking are proven to be social and psychological in nature, and these causes are often passed on as "physical need" when a smoker becomes addicted with smoking. This paper examines the most common causes of a person becoming addicted to tobacco smoke, including the need to relax, and the need for a psychological image of 'cool' among youngsters. The paper also examines the effects of smoking, ranging from economic benefits to the tobacco industry, the bad mental and physical effects on the human body and a general burden on society.

From the Paper
"These reasons are the underlying causes why smoking remains to be a popular social human activity. But its harmful effects are not advertised or advocated by the media, because it will effectively decrease cigarette sales if smoking is proven and prevalently known that it is a harmful and dangerous activity. Smoking can affect the physical, psychological, and emotional health of an individual. The physical effects of smoking is already a public knowledge among smokers, but the psychological and emotional effects of smoking is still refuted, but studies have been conducted that proves that smoking can cause distress and depression to smokers. There is also the growing issue of "second-hand smoking," wherein non-smokers are in greater risk of acquiring respiratory diseases through the inhalation of smoke coming from smokers. This issue illustrates how smoking not only affects the smoker, but other people, and the society as well."

Tags:lung, cancer, bronchitis, nicotine