Abstract This paper explains that, when the Dutch settled in their North American colonies, they brought with them slaves to do the manual labor on their farms. These Africans arrived from the Caribbean in 1625 or 1626 as slaves to the Dutch West India Company. The author points out that rules regarding their servitude were not as harsh as they would become in the future under British rule. The paper relates that, as early as 1630, freed slaves settled the swampy predecessor to the Greenwich Village area of New York City, which remained a black neighborhood for almost 200 years. The author describes the revolt of 1712, which was the result of the stricter British rules.
From the Paper "The ensuing revolt of 1712 was inevitable: the new British rules were too harsh and too much of a change from the unequal but hopeful and comparatively non-violent status quo previously organized in New Amsterdam. After meeting in a tavern, twenty-
three Africans armed themselves with hatchets, clubs, and guns and set fire to a centrally-located building in New York. When Europeans came to combat the blaze, several of them were killed and wounded. Local militias rounded up twenty-seven slaves
in retribution, six of whom committed suicide under capture."
Tags: conditional, black neighborhood, britisharmeddebasement
Abstract This paper states that its research on the issue of civic engagement in global public policy confirms that citizens and peace activists all over the world have organized transnational networks in order to influence arms control policies and bring about change. Their efforts have produced mixed results, from remarkable success to complete failure. Ultimately, their influence on arms control policy depends upon their ability to generate public support for arms reductions, for public support translates into political pressure on government policymakers. The paper brings historical examples from the Cold War to illustrate this, such as the Cuban missile crisis, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty with the Soviet Union, the Salt I Treaty, the Strategic Defense Initiative, and the START treaty. The paper concludes by stating that arms and militarism have been an inseparable part of every major empire or culture throughout human history and that this is a dilemma peace activists may not be able to resolve. The paper includes an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper "Civic engagement on arms control policy emerged in the aftermath of the Second World War in response to the development and deployment of nuclear weapons by the United States and the Soviet Union. After the fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union amassed huge arsenals of atomic bombs, intercontinental ballistic missiles, strategic jet bombers, and ballistic missile submarines, and it seemed that conventional battles fought by massed armies of tanks and infantry would never occur again. The general consensus among government officials and the public as well was that possession of nuclear weapons was the new measure of any nation's military power."
Abstract This paper describes the impact of small arms proliferation in Southeast Asian region. It highlights studies that detail illegal activities that allow rebels access to small arms with which to perpetrate further chaos in the country by undermining vital aspects of basic human security.
Contents
Introduction
Small Arms Proliferation and its Impacts on Human Security in Southeast Asia
From the Paper "According to the "Small Arms Survey 2002: Counting the Human Cost" published by the University of Geneva, the total number of human lives lost to small arms has reached approximately 639 million worldwide. Relatedly, according to the United Nations, the current number of small arms around the world is estimated to be 500 million to 1 billion. Light weapons are found to be the principal cause of death in conflicts around the world with the vast number of casualties belonging to civilians. It appears that despite the numerous lives lost, small arms and light weapons remain largely available in the world.
Small arms proliferation and their subsequent misuse by criminal elements have not only caused massive deaths but also undermined the equally important aspects of human security. These aspects include economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security and political security. With the increasing level of small arms proliferation and the resulting instability and insecurity it causes, human security is threatened. It serves to prolong the violent intra-state conflicts, and worst, encourage the demand for more arms for more profit to arms peddlers and for self-defense of neglected civilians. It is in this context that human security is examined amidst the proliferation and misuse of small arms in Southeast Asia."
Abstract Since the hijackings of September 11, there has been a great deal of controversy involving the arming of airline pilots. Whether or not this is a good idea is the topic of this paper.
Abstract This paper is a literature review of a very important topic; namely, the relationship between the state of the European arms manufacturing sector and the harmonization of European militaries under the "aegis" of the European Union (Eurocorps in particular). The paper examines the statistical evidence available, EU documents that are available (many are not) as well as any interviews that have been conducted examining the issue. Ultimately, the pros and cons of the aforementioned relationship does not provide for easy answers.
Abstract The paper discusses the proposal to arm airline pilots. The paper looks at those in favor who argued that pilots needed the means to repel invaders into the cockpit. Those not in favor argued that it was dangerous for pilots to be carrying firearms and that doing so also put them in danger. The paper describes how the issue was considered as various legislation was proposed and as an increased effort was made to train air marshals for service to protect the flying public. The paper points out that the question is still often raised and continues to foster debate.
Abstract The military history of British involvement in India began, fully, in 1857 when Indian forces staged a revolt against the British East India Company. The Indian army began as an indigenous force run by British officers. The British role in India, far surpassed the history of British Imperialism anywhere else in the world.
Abstract This paper explains that both excerpts from C.S. Giscombe's "Into and Out of Dislocation" and Peter Hudson's "Natural Histories of Southwestern British Columbia" discuss black history in British Columbia. The author points out that the two writers' styles are utterly different. The paper relates that Giscombe simultaneously relates the history of his travels in British Columbia and the history of John Robert Giscome, a man who was possibly one of Giscombe's ancestors.
From the Paper "On the face of it, the excerpts from C.S. Giscombe's Into and Out of Dislocation and Peter Hudson's Natural Histories of Southwestern British Columbia seem to have little in common. Certainly, the two authors' styles are utterly different. However, closer analysis reveals many similarities between the two excerpts. The first and most obvious similarity is that both men have as their subject matter history - specifically, black history in British Columbia. Giscombe simultaneously relates the history of his travels in British Columbia and the history of John Robert Giscome, a man who was possibly one of Giscombe's ancestors."
Abstract This essay focuses on British Soap Opera and its conventions. It gives a brief history of the soap opera genre and it origins. It gives examples of current and past british soap operas and their popularity and reasons for it. It also looks at theories of audience enjoyment and uses for such media.
From the Paper "The soap opera genre originates from the American radio serials of the 1930's so called because of their sponsorship by major soap powder companies. Due to its incredible success the genre grew and by the 1950's it had developed into television productions. The first soap to be televised in Britain was The Groves, which first aired in 1954 and lasted for three years. It was followed by what is now the longest running and most successful soap in Britain, Coronation Street. Rival terrestrial channels soon picked up on the success of Coronation Street (and the soap opera genre in general), this resulted in the arrival of Channel 4's Brookside in 1982, followed by the BBC's EastEnders in 1986."
Tags: conventions, eastenders, genre, soap, television, viewing, opera, British, BBC
Abstract This paper considers the globalization of and relationships within British Airways. It explores the international strategic challenges the company faces in the financial sector. The paper offers an overview of the airline industry of British Airway's position in the industry. The author also includes schematic representation.
From the Paper "The airline industry is one of the most heavily regulated industries in the world with some governments actively subsidizing their nation's air carriers and other government ..."
Abstract This paper examines the themes and issues presented in Robert Johnson's book "British Imperialism: Histories and Controversies". The paper also analyzes the historiography of British imperialism and discusses the consequences of colonization.
From the Paper "Johnson's purpose in this book is to explain some of the histories and controversies surrounding British imperialism, a concept he believes that was continuously evolving, was somewhat incoherent and even contradictory. Johnson considers his book an introduction to British imperialism, not a history of the British Empire. As such some of the content is presented in outline form rather than in depth. However presented, the content supports his aim of explaining how some of the historiography..."
Abstract This paper examines the presence of the British Army on Staten Island, New York throughout most of the Revolutionary War, which reflected the strategic and logistical importance of New York. The paper shows that military control of New York enabled the British Army to cut off the northern colonies of New England from the Mid-Atlantic and Southern colonies, securing a major port through which supplies and reinforcements could flow.
Abstract This paper considers why British bands and singers are not found on the charts as they once were and what is driving the process that keeps them from finding success with current record labels, noting that few British acts have managed to break into the American market in the last fifteen years or so, which really means they have failed to break into the world market, given that American producers control what the world hears in terms of popular music to a great degree.
From the Paper "In the 1960s, British acts were an important part of the American recording industry, with releases of the Beatles leading the way. The Beatles were followed by many other British acts that made inroads in the American market. This continued at a variable pace well into the 1970s, though more recently British acts have been largely ignored, with the exception of continuing acts like Elton John, Sting, and the Rolling Stones. Few British acts have managed to break into the American market in the last fifteen years or so, which really means they have failed to break into the world market, given that American producers control what the world hears in terms of popular music to a great degree. American tastes have been a determining factor for a century or more. "
Abstract The paper analyzes the development of British intelligence in the period before WWI. The paper explores how, prior to the 19th century, there was very little British intelligence. However, the stage was set for great change. The paper discusses how the massive industrialization and urbanization of the 19th century meant that the population of London had grown from just under 1 million in 1800, to 4.7 million in 1900. The paper further discusses the massive technological changes, including the invention of steam-powered trains and ships, telegraphs, telephones, and finally Marconi's wireless telegraph.
From the Paper "It seems that at the beginning of the 20th century the British intelligence system was almost non-existent. A combination of factors came together to quickly change this. Historical Background: The 19th century had seen massive developments in communications and transport, dramatically changing the possibilities for espionage. Also, the population of England, and London in particular, had grown dramatically. Overall situation: In reality, the world was gearing up for the First World War."
An analysis of the presence of the British Army in Northern Ireland 1969-1983, the reasons for being there and why they have had limited success in ending the violence.
Abstract This paper discusses how throughout history, the British Army was invariably the instrument used to suppress or combat the various uprisings and revolts of the Irish people and in particular the current occupation of Northern Ireland since 1969 in order to keep the peace between the Catholics and Protestants. It evaluates their growing presence with the increase in violence throughout the seventies and how their stated role there was ambiguous, undefined, continually changing and often ill suited for them. It examines the frustrations and attitudes of both the army and the Irish people and the growing friction between them. This paper includes as an appendix, newspaper coverage of the Bloody Sunday Massacre.
From the Paper "The British Army and Ireland have always had an interesting relationship. Throughout history both have been linked to each other in a variety of ways. The British Army was invariably the instrument used to suppress or combat the various uprisings and revolts of the Irish people. Surprisingly however Ireland has in turn been a stable source of manpower for the British Army since the eighteenth century. Young men forced by poor economic times and even starvation have continually flocked to the "Colours" of British Regiments for over two hundred years. Even since the partition of the island into the Irish Republic and Ulster, Ireland continues to provide a steady supply of recruits to "Irish Units" within the modern British Military."
