Abstract
This piece is a survey of Napoleon's Bonaparte's career. The piece first describes Napoleon's rise and early successes as the leader of several artillery regiments, followed by an impressive squelching of an insurgency which threatened the French Directory. Following several successful opportunistic military campaigns, the narrative then discusses Napoleon's ability to isolate and conquer France's enemies by building strategic alliances taking advantage of opportunity. Napoleon's growing ambition to control Europe when he became Emperor, his inability to enforce his own economic policies and his growing arrogance are described as causing the eventual downfall of this brilliant but flawed military strategist.

Abstract
This piece is asurvey of Napoleon's military career, written in non-technical terms for an undergraduate audience. The piece first describes Napoleon's early successes as the leader of several artillery regiments, followed by an impressive squelching of an insurgency which threatened the French Directory. The narrative then discusses Napoleon's ability to, with a small, efficient, and tightly controlled army, isolate and conquer France's enemies by building strategic alliances and removing dissent. Napoleon's growing ambition to control Europe when he became Emperor, his inability to enforce his own economic policies, his failure to control large armies, and his growing arrogance are described as causing the eventual downfall of this brilliant but flawed military strategist.

Abstract
The American Civil War had amazing leaders. General Robert E. Lee, for the Confederates, was a gentleman?s gentleman, brilliant tactician, and wonderful human being. On the other hand, General Ulysses Grant, the leader of the Union Army, won decisive battle after battle and made the overall outcome of the War possible. The paper shows that General Grant, who rode his popularity in winning the war to the White House, remains to this day, a much maligned figure. It is true that his presidency, while not plumbing the depths of the presidencies of Warren Harding, William Harrison, or Andrew Johnson, did not set any standards for leadership. The paper shows that what remains hidden and often distorted is the fact that Ulysses Grant left behind a spectacular legacy of martial generalship. This work explores Grant?s role and personality against the backdrop of the Civil War with his achievements and shortcomings.

From the Paper
"Historically however, Grant has been portrayed more as a caricature than his vast accomplishments merit. Revised history is slowly beginning however, to turn the tide in favor of Grant's numerous qualities. One of the biggest faults brought up against him were that of drinking, with the allusions that his drunkenness were somehow related to the injudiciousness that he displayed on the battle field, especially with the soldiers. Statistically, battles that Grant was involved in resulted in the loss of more Union soldiers in very short periods of time. This earned him the unfair moniker of ?Butcher.? It is true that the Union army's casualties at Shiloh were appalling, but so were Confederate losses. (Wakefield, 1999)"

Tags:Emancipation, Proclamation, Appomattox, Court, House, Virginia

Abstract
General Butler was the occupying commander of New Orleans from May 1, 1862 to December 1862-seven months. The paper describes how Butler was vilified in New Orleans, the Confederate States and in some foreign countries, while being honored as a civil war hero, political mediator between the races and brilliant administrator in the North. The paper examines how one man, in just seven months, could create such an enduring negative legacy among the people of New Orleans. It examines his convergence of social, economic, culture and personality traits which resulted in the creation of Benjamin Franklin Butler, "The Beast of New Orleans." The paper shows that Butler's behavior throughout the Civil War, particularly during his occupation of New Orleans, Louisiana, was a direct affront to the beliefs of the Southern mentality. His political haranguing, traitorous behavior and harsh treatment of southerners are legendary.

Table of Contents
Louisiana's Background--Emphasis on New Orleans
Benjamin F. Butler's Background
Outbreak of the Civil War
The Siege of New Orleans
The Occupation of New Orleans
Butler the Extremist
New Orleans Women's Resistance Movement
The Women's Order
Official Southern Reaction to the Women's Order
Butler the Opportunist
President Jefferson Davis' Proclamation
Lasting Effects of Butler's Occupation Butler's Continued Attack of the People of New Orleans after the Civil War
Effect on the People of New Orleans Before and After the Civil War

From the Paper
"Order No. 28 deserves to be explained in layman's terms. Butler is in effect stating that if the women of New Orleans did not cease and desist with their resistance agenda they would be treated as prostitutes and dealt with accordingly. Meaning, "any woman who didn't want to be raped by Yankee soldiers, now kept her silence on the streets."
To truly understand the impact of this Order it is important to realize the social climate in which it was given. The world at large was still a chivalric place. Men were brought up to defend the honor of a woman's virtue. The people of the southern United States took this practice with the utmost seriousness. With war raging on their home soil, the defense of the women took on a new importance.

Butler was saying that the women who were trying to thwart the Union occupation were no better than a common trollop was. This riled up the fervor of the Confederate men, and brought outrage from abroad as well. "The Beast" was born."

Tags:Massachusetts, Fort, Monroe, Farragut, Lincoln, Republican

Abstract
The paper offers a brief overview of Schubert's background and musical talent. The paper then explores Schubert's lieder (art songs) and skills, considering the views of Arthur Hutchings, John Lauritsen, Heather Platt and Marcel Schneider on his work. The paper points out the theme of male romantic friendship in Schubert's lieder, and concludes by relating his arrest on charges of "subversive activities" of which he was innocent and subsequently released.

Outline:
Introduction to Franz Schubert
Arthur Hutchings on Schubert, the "Father of the Art Song" [Lieder]
John Lauritsen on Schubert's Lieder
Heather Platt on Schubert's Lieder
Marcel Schneider on Schubert's Lieder
Footnote to a Brilliant Career: Schubert's Arrest on Charges of "Subversive Activities"

From the Paper
"Biographer Hutchings describes "art song" as an "ugly and inept title" for what today is known as a lieder. While Hutchings insists that the "proper" venue for a lieder is a concert hall or large public room, Schubert, who "...gave us the first, the most and the finest art songs moves us chiefly at a Schubertian gathering of friends" (Hutchings, 156). Schubert also was known to sing his lieder tunes at home, accompanied by himself on the piano. Just what does Hutchings believe the "art song" really is? It's not an operatic air, not a folk song, not a street ballad, the author contends. What he describes it as having been presented "with the freshness and the fascination of all three.""

Tags:lieder, poetry, tunes, music, lyrics

Abstract
The paper examines "Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician" by Anthony Everitt and discusses how in many ways, Cicero was unable to live up to the standards that he set within his writings on morality, virtue and governance. The paper explains how while Cicero was certainly a brilliant and witty rhetorical speaker and writer in the name of Roman greatness, he was also a self-serving careerist that sought to merely improve his own class standing and power.

Tags:cicero, life, career

Abstract
This paper presents an account of the life of the American author Samuel Langhorne Clemens born on the 30th of November 1835, otherwise known as Mark Twain. It provides a picture of a young writer, brilliant yet brash, who was about to set upon a writing and speaking career that would carve out a special literary and humor-related place for him in the annals of American history. It looks at how even the rejection of his work early in his career " and the censorship of his later work, an editorial blasphemy only recently discovered " cannot take away from the power of his words, his thoughts and lasting legacy.

From the Paper
"How loved and how famous had Mark Twain become late in his life? The New York Times, after his passing, wrote that Twain had been "quoted in common conversation oftener, perhaps, than any of his fellow-countrymen, including Benjamin Franklin and [Abraham] Lincoln." Another American cultural icon of the times, Thomas Edison, said, about the death of Twain: "An American loves his family. If he has any love left over for some other person, he generally selects Mark Twain." Twain's demise was prominently eulogized and memorialized in nearly every newspaper in America and throughout much of the western World. He was remembered as a literary giant, as the conscience of a generation, an astute social critic, and an entertaining humorist, a fellow who smoked up to 40 cigars a day."

Tags:samuel, langhorne, clemens, censorship, huckleberry, finn

Abstract
Pablo Picasso is noted by the majority of critics as the most important influence on twentieth century art. By the time of his death in 1973, he had created some 22,000 works of art in mediums that included sculpture, ceramics, mosaics, state design and graphic arts. This paper traces the life of Picasso, from his birth in Spain in 1881 through his brilliant art career and his numerous art 'periods'. The paper examines Picasso's influence on art, including cubism and abstract art and looks at several of his important pieces, including "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" and "Guernica."

From the Paper
"Most critics agree that Picasso's greatest work came from the thirty years between his 1907 "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" and his 1937 "Guemica," however, he worked consistently through the war years and through the 1950's and frequently produced work during the 1960's and 1970's, producing powerful paintings and prints (Hughes pp). Often his work "would be folded into series of variations on the old masters and nineteenth century painters he needed to measure himself against, such as Velazquez and Goya, or Poussin, Delacroix, Manet and Courbet" (Hughes pp). Especially during his last years, his work possessed a manic and obsessive quality, as if he believed that this might delay his own mortality (Hughes pp)."

Tags:Braque, Malaga, modernism

Abstract
This paper explores Stravinsky's long and monumental musical career, discusses the different styles of music that he adopted and developed along the way and explains how the brilliant composer reflected the cultural and historical environment of the times in his work. It also takes a brief look at Russian culture and folk music and assesses how it influenced Stravinsky's music.

From the Paper
"Recognized as one of the promising young musical talents, Stravinsky was now ready for greater things in life. Even before Petrushka (1911) Stravinsky wanted to write a symphonic pagan ritual initially titled Great Sacrifice. Diaghalev persuaded him to cast it in the form of a ballet that came to be called The Rite of Spring and was destined to herald the start of the modernist era in classical music. The first performance of The Rite at the Theatre des Champs Elysees, Paris on May 29, 1913 has become "the most notorious event in the musical history of the century." (Glass, 2000). As soon as the first notes of the unusual music sounded, uproar broke out in the audience. Stravinsky's daring and creative music was cheered, protested and argued over so loudly during the performance that the dancers were unable to hear the orchestra and fights broke out in the audience. (Ibid.) Modern music would never be the same again."

Tags:folk, music, russian, culture, ballet, neoclassical, psalm

Abstract
One of the most impressive works in the newly reopened Twentieth Century Galleries at the Detroit Institute of Arts is Willem de Kooning's 1959 oil "Merritt Parkway". The bold, rough streaks of brilliant color compel the visitor's attention and, on examining the painting, the broad areas of color and the ragged, undisguised gestures of the painter create a tension and sense of restless movement that is quite intriguing. The paper shows that as the visitor reads the name of the canvas, however, s/he may feel equally compelled to ask why it bears the very specific name of a particular place. The question arises: does the painting truly strike the viewer as a landscape or cityscape, as the title seems to imply? The paper shows that in what is at first taken to be a purely abstract painting, the possibility is now suggested that it might, in fact, have been intended as a representational work. A brief review of de Kooning's career and other works from this period provide some answers in the paper.

From the Paper
"Throughout the 1930s and 1940s de Kooning supported himself with various odd jobs while continuing to paint and develop a large circle of friends--most of whom were related to Abstract Expressionist art in some way. The friends included the artists Arshile Gorky, who was "the dominant influence on de Kooning's work of the 1930s," John Graham, Stuart Davis, and David Smith, and the critics Clement Greenberg and Harold Rosenberg (Fineberg 76). Although he worked steadily at his painting during the thirties and forties de Kooning seldom exhibited. He declined to participate in important gallery shows because he was "reluctant to show his work when he had only just begun to find his stylistic voice" (Fineberg 76)."

Tags:Arshile, Gorky, Clement, Greenberg, Harold, Rosenberg