Abstract
The 'Red Brigades' was a terrorist group formed in 1969 in Italy as the result of student movements. They were an extreme left terrorist group with the goal of separating Italy from the Western alliance. The group advocated violence and targeted unionists, politicians and businessman who they claimed represented the "establishment." The paper shows that although the Red Brigade succeeded in acts of terror while operational, ultimately during the 1980s the organization declined due, in part, to internal schisms, operational failures and the arrests of many of the members. As a terrorist entity, one might consider the group a failure. The paper shows, in contrast, that the Palestinian Liberation Organization has successfully contributed to the cause of terror over time and factions of the organization still exist. The PLO of Palestine existed as a terrorism powerhouse and achieved some of their goals and continues to be a successful terrorist movement in Palestine. The paper examines what differentiates the two groups, whether one might consider the PLO successful and the Red Brigades a failure and whether one could consider a group described as "terrorist" successful. The paper traces both groups' histories and looks at their similarities.

From the Paper
"One of the appealing aspects to prospective members of the organization was money. Adult males who joined the PLO not only received their pension, but their wives also received an allowance for the family. The Palestinian organization was successful for many reasons, not the least of which was relating to the common person. Many Palestinians and Arabs have for many years sought a unified existence. The PLO-Palestine offered just that. It united the common person for a common cause. The violent activities promoted by the organization were not seen as fruitless acts of maliciousness and horror; rather they were seen as activities dictated by higher powers for a good and unified purpose."

Tags:Nasser, Yasser, Arafat, Izz, al-Din, al-Qassam, Ahmed, Yassin, Autonomia, Operaia, Aldo, Moro

Abstract
The paper examines how Tennyson relives the soldiers' experience, forces us to face the consequences of misunderstandings, extols the hundreds of soldiers and mourns their deaths. The paper points out the literary techniques of imagery, repetition, rhyme and rhythm and relates why this writer enjoyed this poem.

From the Paper
"Another significant aspect of the poem is its rhyme and rhythm. The stanzas rhyme and the poem is indeed a ballad. While it may seem odd that a ballad talks about death, we can also conclude that Tennyson's poem is a ballad for those whose lives were lost. Tennyson also addresses the fact that "Someone had blundered" (11), in an attempt to make sense of the incident. This aspect of the poem is its best quality because it remembers the soldiers as noble for carrying out their orders even in the face of outrageous and obvious danger. Tennyson writes, "Theirs not to make reply, / Theirs not to reason why, / Theirs but to do and die" (12-4). Henderson notes that in this poem, Tennyson identifies with the "disaster and triumphs, the suffering and the heroism of the troops" (Henderson 112). Henderson states that the poem was not only distributed among the soldiers on the field, it was also distributed among thousands of wounded soldiers in hospitals. The chaplain at the military hospital in Scutari wrote that the patients were "singing it and all want to have it in black and white, so as to read what has so taken them" (112). Francis O'Gorman notes that Tennyson focuses on "vivid male action, on movement and pace . . . finding heroism amid what it constructs as dreadful failure" (O'Gorman 166). O'Gorman is careful to point out that the poem is "careful to accept error but not to be specific about blame" (166)."

Tags:imagery, repetition, rhyme, rhythm, soldiers, mistake

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the Battle of Gettysburg in general, followed by an assessment of how the roles played by the 26th North Carolina and the Iron Brigade during the first two days of battle helped to influence the outcome. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented. The author focuses on the role of leadership on both sides, as they appeared to play a critical role in the outcome of this infamous battle. The author also cites that it is clear from the research that the men of the 26th North Carolina and the Iron Brigade ardently believed in what they were fighting for, and were willing to die for their causes.

Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Figure 1. Uniform of the Iron Brigade
26th North Carolina
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Given its importance, it is not surprising that Gettysburg is the most studied battle in the history of America. In fact, Martin points out that, "Even before the fighting was over it was viewed as the most decisive battle of the Civil War, and a legion of writers have since recorded their narratives and offered their interpretations of the battle." Likewise, Andrews suggests that, "No battle of the Civil War appeals more to the popular imagination than the one which was fought near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1, 2, and 3, 1863. Apart from the fact that this struggle, unlike most, is comparatively easy for the layman to understand; apart from the fact that it was one of the bloodiest battles in modern times -- the Battle of Gettysburg stands forth as a turning point in the history of the Civil War." The Battle of Gettysburg was fought during July 1-3, 1863, just 35 miles southwest of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Losses on both sides, though, were among the war's heaviest; of 88,000 Northern troops, casualties were approximately 23,000; from a total 75,000 Southerners, there were likewise more than 20,000. Two of the units that participated in the battles at Gettysburg that took place over the course of the next 3 days were the famed Iron Brigade of the Union and the equally tough 26th North Carolina of the Confederates, both of which received an inordinate number of casualties during the fighting that ensued. These units and their respective parts in the Battle of Gettysburg are discussed further below."

Tags:Civil, War, Gettysburg, Conferderacy, Union, 26th, North, Carolina, Iron, Brigade

Abstract
The paper discusses how, although it did not end the war, the Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the Civil War, and represented the true beginning of the end for the Confederacy. The paper examines how, in this costly battle, both the 21st North Carolina and the Iron Brigade experienced some of the heaviest losses, and both units were highly regarded as valorous and intrepid in their actions. The writer proposes that the first-hand accounts and reports of gallantry of both of these units confirm that the Iron Brigade lived up to its name, and the 21st North Carolina earned and deserved an honorary title of their own.

Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Figure 1. Uniform of the Iron Brigade
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"In fact, although the Union forces managed to exact a heavy toll on the Confederate forces at Gettysburg, Meade failed to take advantage of his strategic opportunity though and allowed the Southern forces to retreat without pursuing them across the Potomac. President Lincoln wrote Meade a letter written on July 14, 1863 (but it was never mailed) when he learned that Lee's Army of Northern Virginia had escaped back across the Potomac and had successfully avoided further battle with Meade's army; even though Meade never read the letter, it is illustrative of Lincoln's frustration with this lost opportunity and his general."

Tags:Pennsylvania, Northern, troops, casualties, reinforcements, Brigadier, General, John, Buford, Lee

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania in 1863. It discusses the battle in general terms and it then assesses the specific roles played by the 26th North Carolina and the Iron Brigade. The paper concludes that first-hand accounts and reports of gallantry of both of these units confirm that their men and officers earned and deserve continued recognition and respect from Americans today.

Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
The Iron Brigade
26th North Carolina
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Upon their arrival at Gettysburg, the Iron Brigade's 24th Michigan Regiment had 493 troops; by the end of the first day's battle, though, Richardson reports that less than 100 men were left alive, with the 24th having experienced approximately 80 percent casualties. "The Regiment has the dubious distinction of having the highest losses of any of the 400 union regiments engaged at Gettysburg." In his memoirs, Capt. Robert K. Beecham wrote that the battle between Archer's brigade and the Iron Brigade in McPherson Woods on the morning of July 1 was an "unadorned long-drawn-out line of ragged dirty blue against the long-drawn-out line of dirty, ragged butternut, with no 'pomp of war' about it, and no show or style except our old black hats.""

Tags:Pennsylvania, Confederacy, casualties

Abstract
In this article the writer aims to sort out the rhetoric from the fact regarding the Battle of Gettysburg. The writer notes that given its importance, it is not surprising that Gettysburg is the most studied battle in the history of America. The paper first provides an overview of the Battle of Gettysburg in general. This is then followed by an assessment of the role played by the 21st North Carolina and the Iron Brigade. A summary of the research and salient findings are provided in the conclusion. The writer concludes that perhaps it is difficult for people in the 21st century to fully understand what these events meant to the soldiers who were actually fighting the frequently hand-to-hand and always bloody battles of McPherson Woods, Cemetery and Culp's Hill, but it is clear from the research that the men of the 21st North Carolina and the Iron Brigade ardently believed in what they were fighting for, and were willing to die for their causes.

Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"Following the defeat of the Union forces of General Joseph Hooker at Chancellorsville, Virginia, in May, Confederate General Robert E. Lee made the decision to invade the North in an attempt to dissuade them from further incursions and with an eye to compelling European countries into recognizing the Confederacy, and Lee's invasion army totaled approximately 75,000 troops. Upon learning that the Union Army of the Potomac had a new commander, General George G. Meade, Lee ordered General R. S. Ewell to move to Cashtown or Gettysburg; however, the commander of Meade's advance cavalry, General John Buford, recognized the strategic importance of Gettysburg as a road center and was prepared to hold this site until reinforcements arrived."

Tags:Pennsylvania, war, soldiers, fighting

Abstract
This essay deals with the changing attitudes towards war as expressed by the poets Alfred Lord Tennyson (pre 1914) and John McCrae in their works "The Charge of the Light Brigade" and "In Flanders Fields." It includes an analysis of poetic techniques and the changing ideologies between the two poems, with a particular attention paid to social, historical and other contextual changes.

From the Paper
"Tennyson's poem "The Charge of the Light Brigade" describes a great military disaster in the Crimean War where troops were massacred after being led to their death by their commanders. Tennyson praises the heroism of the British soldiers who faced a certain death, but who fought without questioning it. He portrays the battle as a glorious victory despite the huge disaster, admiring the courage of the men who gave up their lives to fight for their country: "Boldly they rode and well, Into the jaws of Death, Into the mouth of Hell." Here, Tennyson personifies death, using capital letters to emphasize the words "Death" and "Hell." He does this repeatedly throughout the poem, which reminds the reader that the soldiers are going to die. In stanza 5, when the brigade is retreating Tennyson uses a subtle variation of his earlier lines; this effectively works in re-iterating the fact that so few returned from the action. "They that had fought so well Came thro, the jaws of Death, Back from the mouth of Hell."

Tags:massacre, crimean, war, death, soldiers

Abstract
The paper examines the poems, "Anthem for Doomed Youth" by Wilfred Owen and "The Charge of the Light Brigade" by Alfred Tennyson. The paper specifically compares and contrasts the attitudes of the poets towards death in war.

From the Paper
"In his poem The Charge of the Light Brigade, Alfred Tennyson praises the brave soldiers ("When can their glory fade, O the wild charge they made") and celebrates the glory of war despite the fact that this attack was an error. But he does not show directly to the reader the reality of the slaughter by using euphemisms like "into the valley of death", "into the jaws of death" and "into the mouth of hell".
"The reader has not the time to realize what is happening because he is carried along by the rhythm of charge of the poem : "Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward..."
We can see the courage of the soldiers who, even if they know that the orders are wrong, are loyal to their country and chiefs and carry it ("Not tho' the soldier knew Some one had blunder'd"). This obedience of the British soldiers front to death is quite amazing : without considering the danger of the situation ("Their's not to make reply, Their's not to reason why, Their's but to do and die") they go "Into the jaws of death". Unhappily, though they are heroes, we can see that they are killed very quickly ("while horse and hero fell...")."

Tags:death, war, soldiers, funerals, religion, heroes

Abstract
This paper aims to critically analyze the actions of the government in response to the Fire Brigades Union's decision to take industrial action in 2002-2003 and considers the wider implications and consequences for future government-trade union relations and conflict resolution. It looks at how the dispute began as a pay claim by the Fire Brigades Union (FBU) in April 2002 and was complicated by the government's modernization policy in the public sector and aims to uncover the impact of the conflict, at an organizational level and assess the implications in the wider industrial relations environment for other public sector workers and trade unions.
Outline
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
The Contemporary Context of the 2002-2003 Fire Dispute
Chapter 3 Methodology
Research Design and Methodology
Chapter 4 Discussion and Findings
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The election victory in 1997 of a newly revitalized and rebranded "New"Labour Party, initially promised much to trade union leaders, who had hoped for a close, mutual relationship reminiscent of the past. Committing to the previous government's expenditure plans, its manifesto (Labour Party, 1997) clearly spelled out few positive messages for trade unions who hoped that collectivist beliefs would form the cornerstone of Labour policy. However, in its business manifesto "New Opportunities for Business", it was revealed that Labour would not bring about a "blanket repeal of the main elements" on ballots, picketing, and industrial action - of the 1980s employment and industrial relations legislation" (Rose, 2001:233), stressing a greater emphasis on partnership agreements."

Tags:blair, cobra, gilchrist, industrial, prescott, trade, unionism

Abstract
Discusses the Colonial period, the initiation of fire wardens, the use of bucket brigades to put out fires, Benjamin Franklin's Union Fire Company and the concept of municipal fire fighting. Includes a timeline of the development of technology.

From the Paper
"In 1999, Mother Earth magazine published a long, historical article concerning fire, and man's use and abuse of it. It is such an exceptional analysis that it deserves to be quoted at the beginning of this..."