Abstract
This paper reviews "Ivory Bridges: Connecting Science and Society" by physicist and historian of science Gerald Holton and sociologist Gerhard Sonnert, who seek to dispel the long-held stereotype that scientists work in an 'ivory tower', isolated from society. After reviewing the contents of the book, the author observes that the scientific structure of the book contrasts with its obvious literary quality of which the writer gives examples, such as the repeated use of the word 'soul'. With Holton and Sonnert's command of the language and ability to incorporate literary devices with a scientifically-based text, the paper concludes that this book becomes an intriguing and important document of technology-oriented society.

From the Paper
"Holton and Sonnert typify the motivations behind scientific research of the past, which have undoubtedly led to the metaphor of the "Ivory Tower" with the perceived necessity for scientific autonomy in both cases. They denote the pursuit of research for the purpose of curiosity without concern for application as the "Newtonian" model, and research motivated by working on answering questions that have societal application as the "Baconian" model. Holton and Sonnert's response is the "Jeffersonian" model, which they believe to be the balance between research driven by curiosity."

Tags:bridge stereotype, easy reading, soul agencies

Abstract
This paper gives a brief biographical view of the works of Lloyd, Jeff and Beau Bridges. The writer summarizes the life of each of the three famous members of the family. The article mentions dates and places of birth outlines the career of each of the different actors. In the paper, the writer refers to various movies and television programs in which each of the Mr. Bridges became famous or starred. The article looks at milestones and memorable moments in the lives of these famous people.

From the Paper
"Although Lloyd and Beau have both had illustrious careers, Jeff seems to have surpassed both his father and older brother. And not only has his career been more successful, it is said that no one who has ever worked with Jeff has a bad word to say about him (Jeff pp). Peter Bogdanovich, who directed him in the 1971 movie, "The Last Picture Show," has said, "I've never, ever heard of him pulling a star turn or showing ego," and John Goodman, who co-starred with Jeff in "The Big Lebowski," said, "It's like watching a diamond cutter...When you look at the diamond, you don't think of the work, you just notice there's no flaws" (Jeff pp)"

Tags:biography, movie, actor, Hollywood

Abstract
This paper is a review of the book "The Bridges of Madison County" by Robert James Waller. The writer points out that "The Bridges of Madison County" is this author's first novel and is a love story of a photographer and a farmer's wife. The paper begins with an overview of the main characters and the basic storyline of the book.

From the Paper
"Bridges of Madison County is a romantic classic of the 1990s' based on a romance between a photographer and a farmer's wife who happen to come into each other's life and experience a passion and love which lasts with them forever. 52 year old divorcee Robert Kincaid travels to Iowa's Madison County to photograph the seven covered bridges for National Geographic. Once there, he asks directions to the home of Francesca Johnson, who at that time is alone at home while her husband and two children are visiting the Illinois State Fair. Thus begins a narrative of a profound love story between Francesa and Robert, an experience which would haunt them forever."

Tags:literature, american, love, story

Abstract
This paper talks about Meryl Streep's masterful ability to communicate volumes without speaking a word, and praises her portrayal of Francesca Johnson in Clint Eastwood's film, "The Bridges of Madison County". The author narrates Francesca's life in the drama film and discusses how Streep uses a medley of bold and subtle gestures to tell Francesca's plaintive story.

From the Paper
"After a few days pass and Francesca and her family return to their normal routine, she and Kincaid spot each other during a heavy rainfall in the downtown city streets. She is sitting in her family's truck, waiting for her husband to return from inside a store nearby, and Kincaid is, of course, also alone. He steps out into the street where she can clearly see him, the rain drenching him to the bone. As the camera pans from a distorted view of her face through the rain-splattered windshield to a clear shot of her face through the open driver's side window, we see her slowly lean sideways in silent disbelief that she is actually looking at Kincaid."

Tags:actress, film, drama

Abstract
This paper reviews America's bridges. It shows how important they are but also how poorly maintained they are. It also looks at their standards and how the weather affects them.

Abstract
The paper reviews the rehabilitation of bridges. The paper begins by examining what bridges are from a structural and engineering standpoint, as well as how they may be evaluated and inspected. The paper then proceeds to examine what techniques can be implemented to rehabilitate bridges. The modernization of bridges is also discussed. The paper provides an overview of how bridges can be protected and society's financial and commercial investment in them well-rewarded.

From the Paper
"The succeeding paper will review the rehabilitation of bridges by examining what bridges are from a structural and engineering standpoint as well as how they may be evaluated and inspected. The paper will then proceed to examine what techniques can be implemented to "rehabilitate" bridges as well as how the modernization of bridges can be permitted to unfold. This is a fairly complex topic and it is not possible to do it justice inside of twenty pages. Nonetheless, this paper will provide an overview of how bridges can be protected and society's financial and commercial investment in them well-rewarded."

Tags:bridge, rehabilitation, design

Abstract
The paper notes that America's roads, highways and freeways invariably require bridges to cross over canyons, rivers and other uneven terrain, and, as strong as the bridges may seem to be at the time of their construction, the best of the best of engineers have not yet been able to build corrosion-proof bridges. The paper discusses the numerous studies that have been conducted as to how to best repair the damage to concrete slab / steel girder bridges, and notes that their results, taken in their entirety, provide solid background for further research into these issues.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Descriptions / Recommendations
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to a brief article in the journal Advanced Materials & Processes, a potentially effective and reliable way of protecting against steel rebar corrosion that seems inevitable in concrete bridges is by using zinc-hydrogel anode 4727. This product may provide "long-term electrochemical protection" against the deterioration of the steel rebar in the concrete, the article states. When this "pressure-sensitive" zinc-hydrogel solution is applied an "iconic current" is conducted. Wires run through the rebar grid once the concrete is covered thoroughly with the adhesive gel."

Tags:repair, dynamic, pre-stressed, concrete, electrochemical, protection, impact, of, the, weather

Abstract
This is a paper about bridges. The author examines their function, history and design. Much attention is paid to different types of bridges such as arch, suspension, move-able bridges and floating bridges.

From the Paper
" A bridge is a structure designed to provide continuous passage over an obstacle. Bridges commonly carry highways, railroad lines, and pathways over obstacles such as waterways, deep valleys, and other transportation routes. Bridges may also carry water, support power cables, or house telecommunications lines.(1)
Some special types of bridges are defined according to function. An overpass allows one transportation route, such as a highway or railroad line, to cross over another without traffic interference between the two routes. The overpass elevates one route to provide clearance to traffic on the lower level while still letting the higher level flow easily. An aqueduct transports water. Aqueducts have historically been used to supply drinking water to densely populated areas. A viaduct carries a railroad or highway over a land obstruction, such as a valley.(1)"

Tags:arch, supsension

Abstract
This paper talks about the three most commonly constructed types of bridges in use today. The paper provides historical information about the bridges types, looks at their cost and the availability of materials for each of the bridges, as well as the complexity of engineering of each bridge. It goes on to explain how all of these factors, including a bridge's length capabilities and its artistic and aesthetic qualities, all go into the decisions that an engineer, designer, or contractor must consider when choosing the appropriate bridge for each necessary location and use.

From the Paper
"Bridges are an integral but often overlooked part of today's commuting society. Most drivers feel completely secure and grounded when on any well-designed bridge, even though they may in fact be hundreds of feet in the air above a large gap or body of water. Bridges are not only functional for travel, but may be the key to growth and survival of many areas that would otherwise remain in isolation. Bridges also have a way of becoming important historical and artistic landmarks, and many bridges receive engineering and even artistic awards. Many cities like San Francisco, for example, are as recognizable by the their bridges as by any other city landmark. There are many different kinds of bridges used today. Three of the more common and interesting types of bridge in common usage today is the suspension bridge, the cable stayed bridge, and the reinforced concrete bridge."

Tags:center, span, pillars, cables, tension, compression, anchor, tower, camber, collapse

Abstract
This is a case study that focuses on the design of the Brooklyn Bridge, which was constructed from 1869-1883. It looks at the evolution of the modern suspension bridge from its beginnings in ancient China to the work of John Finley in early 19th century America and eventually John Roebling, the designer of the Brooklyn Bridge itself. The paper looks at the materials generally used in suspension bridges.

Tags:bridge, engineer, brooklyn