Abstract
The paper discusses Alfie Kohn's work "Punished by Rewards" that explains why teaching children or encouraging workers according to a rewards and punishment system undermines long-term educational success or superior performance at work. The paper explains Kohn's beliefs on the dangers of incentives and motivations that merely enforce compliance rather than stimulate excellence. The paper looks at how Kohn believes this system to have originated from Skinner's theory of behaviorism. The paper concludes that although ideally one would like this work to be true, following every principle of his advice would require a huge disruption in the way we currently teach elementary school children and employ entry-level workers.

From the Paper
"Do you remember receiving a gold star every time you did well in grade school? While you might have delighted in the shiny, gold sticker, did that gold star motivate you to do a stellar job the next time you studied for a quiz? Perhaps. But did it stimulate your interest to learn more about the material that was being tested? Probably not. According to Alfie Kohn's work Punished by Rewards, this is why teaching and raising children according to a rewards and punishment system is dangerous. Although using gold stars and candy bars may work in the short run, ultimately it does not translate into long-term educational success or superior performance at work."

Tags:incentives, motivations, praise, Skinner, behaviorism

From the Paper
"In 1976, a heavily publicized scandal erupted when it was revealed that Lockheed Corporation had paid a bribe to Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka in order to win political support for the sale of Lockheed's L-1011 jetliner to Japan (Jacoby, 1977, pp. 162-165). In the wake of this and other revelations of large payoffs by major U.S. corporations to foreign governments, a unique law was enacted by Congress and signed by President Jimmy Carter: the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1979, which imposed U.S. criminal sanctions against American corporations and executives who paid bribes to foreign officials in foreign countries. Business actions conducted entirely outside the U.S. were thus subjected to American criminal penalties.

The scandals and the reactions to them raised both practical ... "

Abstract
The paper explains the meaning of the phrase 'the slippery slope' and discusses how slippery slopes can affect the criminal justice system. The paper describes a potential scenario when a police officer accepts a free cup of coffee every morning from a shop on his beat, but is then called to help the shop owner with a parking ticket. The paper points out how small bribes can graduate to big bribes for big favors, until there is a corrupt police force. The paper then looks at the slippery slope reasoning behind some federal judges' refusal to allow electronic messaging in their courtrooms, since they fear it could lead to TVs in the courtrooms.

Outline:
"Slippery Slope"
How Slippery Slopes Affect the Criminal Justice System
Another Situation

From the Paper
"We all hope the criminal justice agencies that we have grown to put our trust in can be fair and balanced to act, judge, and punish without predetermined thoughts or going down that long slippery slope road.
"That is why the administration of a criminal justice agency has a strict code of misconduct for its employees--in particular those who are on the front lines of enforcing the law--the police officer. Overseeing a criminal justice agency involves recognizing the pit falls of the misuse of power and the slippery slope it could lead to, even if an act seems harmless.
"Because the criminal justice system must be above reproach regarding its own behavior, even minor infractions, which seem almost insignificant must be dealt with by administrators of that agency immediately and aggressively. And the "slippery slope" is a recognized phrase in this arena because the results of allowing an employee to proceed down that slope are so
damaging to, not only that agency, but to law enforcement in general.
"A police officer accepts a free cup of coffee every morning from a shop on his beat while he chats with the store owner. It is hard to imagine that anyone would fault him for this act since a cup of coffee is so insignificant. The next day the shop owner offers the officer a free muffin, and the next day a free lunch. So what? Two weeks later the shop owner receives a parking ticket from another officer and asks his friend on the force to help him with the ticket. It's a $20 parking ticket; the officer recalls the shop owner's kindness, and says "no problem.""

Tags:criminal, justice, system, corruption, bribes, electronic, messaging

Abstract
The paper discusses how the overcrowding in prisons causes frustration for both inmates and security personnel, leading to unsafe and potentially explosive situations. The paper describes cases of prison staff abusing inmates and accepting bribes for smuggling contraband. The paper also addresses the tensions between inmates themselves and how inmates often attempt suicide or self-mutilation. The paper suggests that to alleviate the violence and increase safety, prisons must reduce the overcrowding and provide a better living environment for inmates .

Outline:
Correction Officer vs. Inmate
Bribery/Smuggling Contraband
Inmate vs. Inmate
Self-Inflicted
Inmate on Officer Violence
Alleviating the Violence

From the Paper
"It should be obvious to all that our prison system in the U.S. is in serious trouble. The main culprit is overcrowding--but there are many tentacles that lead from that to all the problems. One of the big ones is frustration for both inmates and security personnel. Living in three-tiered bunks set up in what was supposed to be a gymnasium offers absolutely no privacy and even less security.
"Prisoners in many of our federal security institutions are known to sleep with tin plates from the dining hall taped to their chests in case another prisoner (or guard) attempts to stab them. This pent up anger, caused by the overcrowded conditions causes more physical and sexual violence than ever.
"The security personnel are just as frustrated. The ratios of security to prisoner have gone up and up in many prisons due to budget cutbacks. These guards must patrol now in prisons, grossly overcrowded with inmates who, in most cases, hate them. The situations are unsafe and potentially explosive."

Tags:abuse, inmates, officers, bribes, suicide

Abstract
The paper shows how the Hammond Aerospace case is illustrative of the need for not just greater ethical training and awareness but also of legal and regulatory enforcement of the rules and laws currently governing ethical domains. The paper believes that while Hammond's ethical issues are deep, pervasive and endemic, they have also passed beyond the sphere of mere ethical lapses into potential criminality because of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (Finder 3-4). The paper goes on to discuss how the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), originally passed in 1978, explicitly forbids the payment of bribes to foreign officials (Briscoe). The paper explains that the FCPA was amended in 1988 to include several other provisions such as the payment of bribes to intermediaries that might then pass them on to foreign officials.

From the Paper
"The Hammond Aerospace case is illustrative of the need for not just greater ethical training and awareness but also of legal and regulatory enforcement of the rules and laws currently governing ethical domains. While Hammond's ethical issues are deep, pervasive and endemic, they have also passed beyond the sphere of mere ethical lapses into potential criminality because of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (Finder 3-4). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), originally passed in 1978, explicitly forbids the payment of bribes to foreign officials (Briscoe)."

Tags:hammond, aerospace, fcpa

Abstract
This paper discusses how corporations must create a corporate culture that refuses bribe requests and establish clear corporate codes that employees unwaveringly adhere to. They must also assure managers that the company will back them when they refuse to pay. The paper explains that the potential, in terms of criminal liability, skewed relationships, lost contracts, disqualification from government contracts, loss of reputation is simply too great to ignore. Because bribery is illegal, it is conducted behind closed doors, with those involved expending time and resources to keep their secret. It discusses how companies also face the very real possibility of being pushed to pay more and more bribes as their reputation as a bribe-payer spreads. The writer argues that there are international trade implications surrounding corruption - corruption degrades markets, and increases transaction costs. Corruption also drastically affects economic development by causing a mis-allocation of resources. But more damaging is the fact that in endemically corrupt systems, regular people are not getting served by the government; they don't trust the government so they don't interact with the government. The paper concludes that third world countries suffer the most at the hand of corrupt business managers and politicians - as companies strive to eliminate corruption, economic globalization for all countries will no doubt improve.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Historical Background of the Importance of Business Management
Direct Effect of Global Corruption on Business Management
The Emerging Global Anti-corruption of Management
Global Business Management Leadership Practices & Studies
Motorola
General Electric (GE)
Corruption in Third World Countries
Globalization in Third World Countries
Corruption and Business Management
Future Measures
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Increasing, in many parts of the world, companies and governments alike have recognized that corruption raises the costs and risks for doing business. Corruption has a corrosive impact on both market opportunities overseas and the broader business climate. During the last 10 years, dramatic new imperatives have emerged for companies to take action against corruption and bribery. Once viewed by many firms as an awkward but necessary requirement of doing business, corruption and bribery are emerging instead as a form of business malpractice. Corruption also deters foreign investment, stifles economic growth, and undermines legal and judicial systems. The risks of exposure have become greater, the costs of exposure more substantial, and a compelling body of evidence demonstrates that engaging in corruption and bribery damages company integrity, degrades the business environment, and fails to create enduring competitive advantage.
As a result of this problem, and to obtain a competitive advantage in the global markets of the twenty-first century, a growing number of businesses are taking proactive steps to detect and prevent corruption. With respect to the emerging international anti-corruption environment, the unifying concept in all of the global and regional processes is that effective action to prevent, detect, and punish corruption must be taken by each individual government and company. Leadership companies have responded to these imperatives by establishing comprehensive anti-corruption and bribery programs that include strong written policies, extensive training, and rigorous auditing and internal controls. In the later 1990's, a consensus emerged among businesses, governments, academics, and ordinary citizens that bribery and corruption are not defensible in either economic or cultural terms. Recent times have shed light on a number of companies that have experienced serious corruption and bribery incidents and have suffered reputation damage and enforcement actions as a result."

Tags:trust, ethics, bribery, third, world

Abstract
This paper discusses the ethical dilemma of doing business in countries where bribery is an inherent part of the economic structure. The author summarizes some arguments for and against bribery, and points out that the imposition of Western ethics on other cultures is itself unethical. The negative and positive implications of paying or not paying bribes are also discussed. The paper concludes that economic benefits and costs must be strongly considered on a case by case basis before offering any bribe, even if it is standard operating procedure in that country.

Outline:
Summary
Critical Analysis
Implications
Recommendations

From the Paper
"One of the main objections to this is that in many countries these underlying beliefs are invalid. For example, the very concept of the rule of law may not exist , or it may exist in a radically different form. While nations can, on a global scale, seek to build Western legal frameworks in developing countries, the reality on the ground for individual corporations is different. Moreover, in many cases the notion that the local government is concerned with improving governance and alleviating poverty is mere wishful thinking, an inappropriate application of Western idealism. Under such circumstances, rejecting bribery becomes a futile gesture that serves only to hinder a company's business prospects."

Tags:profitability, economic growth, stigma trade disadvantage sanction illegal

Abstract
The paper examines police corruption, the abuse of police authority for personal gain or advantage. The paper describes police corruption as criminal activities, such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and police violence, accepting bribes and overlooking crimes when they involve family or friends. The paper further examines how police corruption may also involve depriving citizens of their legal rights. These actions include discriminating against minorities, unlawful searches, sexual assault, and deliberate fabrication of evidence. The paper discusses case studies of investigations into police corruption, and concludes that the fight against corruption is likely to be a long one as police corruption is prevalent in today's society.

From the Paper
"Police corruption is often seen as a victimless crime because the victim is a neighborhood rather than an individual. In many cases, most of the attention goes to the officers who are guilty of corruption, rather than the psychological and social effects police corruption has on the victims and their communities."

Tags:Amnesty, International, drug, testing, victim, community, FBI

Abstract
This paper explores the incidence of bribery in business, looking first at the harm it does to legitimate businesses. The ethical dilemma of whether or not to give bribes is investigated. It uses examples like Enron and WorldCom to illustrate its points. It concludes with the short and long term effects of bribery in business.

From the Paper
"Payment of bribes and kickbacks continue to be a problem that plagues the business world in the United States and abroad. Business executives pay bribes for a wide variety of reasons. These include bribes paid to agencies to obtain a choice contract for their company, and bribes paid to regulatory agencies to ignore environmental, safety, or health transgressions."

Tags:legitimate, ethical, dilemma, Enron, WorldCom, effect, Hobbes

Abstract
This paper discusses that the business world is lapsing into a state where the question of maintaining certain ethics in all the numerous business transactions is being lost, particularly in the area of price-fixing, overcharging, domestic and foreign bribes, fraud and patent infringements. The author points out that most business leaders recognize that ethics in business must be given a great importance and are setting up ethical codes of conduct, which the employees, starting with the top echelons, are expected to follow. The paper relates that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which creates severe penalties for the falsification of records and other such corporate crimes, has proven to be a very effective tool in the controlling of white collar or corporate crimes.

From the Paper
"'Freddie Mac' is a corporation owned by stockholders and is responsible for the supply of a continuous fund for mortgage lenders. It was in June 2003 that the President and Chief Operating Officer of the Company, David Glenn was fired, after which event his Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Leland Brendsel, and the Chief Financial Officer, Vaughn Clarke submitted their resignations. Freddie Mac has been met with stiff opposition when it attempted to pay off the two executives who resigned in the middle of the accounting scandal, the purpose being that the share prices would not fall drastically. While Clarke has been allowed to resign with $1 million in compensation, Brendsel has been offered $53.7 million as compensation, even though it came to light that the two top executives had been involved in smoothing out earnings, and in accounting violations."

Tags:codes, sarbanes-oxley, ebbers, trust, windfall