Abstract This paper explores the incidence of bribery in business, looking first at the harm it does to legitimate businesses. The ethical dilemma of whether or not to give bribes is investigated. It uses examples like Enron and WorldCom to illustrate its points. It concludes with the short and long?term effects of bribery in business.
From the Paper "Payment of bribes and kickbacks continue to be a problem that plagues the business world in the United States and abroad. Business executives pay bribes for a wide variety of reasons. These include bribes paid to agencies to obtain a choice contract for their company, and bribes paid to regulatory agencies to ignore environmental, safety, or health transgressions."
Abstract Business in a Global Economy - Bribery. Is a company obligated to follow any ethical principles - those of its home country, those of the host country, an independent set of ethics - or should the only considerations be those of profit and market share? With this in mind, this paper determines the ethical responsibility for a company doing business in an international context with respect to the specific issue of bribery.
Abstract This paper discusses the ethical dilemma of doing business in countries where bribery is an inherent part of the economic structure. The author summarizes some arguments for and against bribery, and points out that the imposition of Western ethics on other cultures is itself unethical. The negative and positive implications of paying or not paying bribes are also discussed. The paper concludes that economic benefits and costs must be strongly considered on a case by case basis before offering any bribe, even if it is standard operating procedure in that country.
From the Paper "One of the main objections to this is that in many countries these underlying beliefs are invalid. For example, the very concept of the rule of law may not exist , or it may exist in a radically different form. While nations can, on a global scale, seek to build Western legal frameworks in developing countries, the reality on the ground for individual corporations is different. Moreover, in many cases the notion that the local government is concerned with improving governance and alleviating poverty is mere wishful thinking, an inappropriate application of Western idealism. Under such circumstances, rejecting bribery becomes a futile gesture that serves only to hinder a company's business prospects."
Abstract This paper examines the issue of bribery in international business, formerly viewed as the price of doing business, but more and more seen as a drain on business resources, a challenge to political structures and a threat to security, leading to more efforts to eliminate the practice.
Abstract The most common type of white-collar crime, bribery, also known as corruption, occurs in many different business environments. In particular, this paper looks at how China has put a lot of effort into enforcing the law related to three kinds of bribery, which are bribery of foreign officials, bribery of public officials and commercial bribery.
From the Paper "Bribery of foreign officials has made it easier for China to go into foreign markets. Other than local development, overseas development and foreign direct investment of Chinese companies are increasing at a rapid rate. According to the article "China and India 'Top Bribe List'" on BBC News on October 4th, 2006, anti-corruption group Transparency International (TI) puts China and India in the list of countries that are most ready to pay bribes to other countries, which are usually less developed countries. Other than China and India, Russia, Turkey and Taiwan are just below them in the ranking (BBC). This shows that international anti-corruption laws in these countries are not being effectively followed and regulated by the government. "
This paper examines the issue of bribery and the difficulty of differentiating between bonuses, gifts and bribes while conducting international business.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, 1990, $ 55.95
From the Paper "In 1976, a heavily publicized scandal erupted when it was revealed that Lockheed Corporation had paid a bribe to Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka in order to win political support for the sale of Lockheed's L-1011 jetliner to Japan (Jacoby, 1977, pp. 162-165). In the wake of this and other revelations of large payoffs by major U.S. corporations to foreign governments, a unique law was enacted by Congress and signed by President Jimmy Carter: the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1979, which imposed U.S. criminal sanctions against American corporations and executives who paid bribes to foreign officials in foreign countries. Business actions conducted entirely outside the U.S. were thus subjected to American criminal penalties.
The scandals and the reactions to them raised both practical ... "
A look at the concepts and practices of bribery of American business people in Latin America including language, traditions, ethics, bureaucracy and the case of Rep. Dan Rostenkowski.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 7 sources, 1994, $ 71.95
From the Paper "Ethics change without rhyme or reason - or so it must seem to Dan Rostenkowski, the soon-to-be former Congressman (D-Illinois), who has not only been voted out of office after over thirty years, but faces an array of federal charges for corruption as his valedictory. Rostenkowski's response to the indictments is "it was business as usual on the Hill, not corruption" (Borger 38). The representative from Chicago may be cleared when he has his day in court, but, clearly, he has failed to distinguish the changing mores of the times.
So, too, do Americans fail to distinguish the differences in local ethics as they conduct their business affairs around the globe. As the world shrinks, with NAFTAs and GATTs providing the impetus, United States commercial concerns find it increasingly important to recognize the dividing line between "business as..."
Abstract This paper demonstrates how organizations have to put enormous effort to motivate their employees and staff to recognize organizational goals. It examines how performance management can be acquired mainly through trial and error, just where the limits of the controllable accomplishments lie. It looks at how the four most reliable earmarks of strong performance management motives are setting hard but achievable goals, following them persistently, resuming the cycle whenever a goal is attained, and hunting for dependable signs that the path will achieve success.
Outline
Introduction
Beware of Bogus Motivation
Pumping Up Enthusiasm
Making People Happy
Motivational Cookbooks
Motivating with Bribery The Real World
Communication is a Vital Asset
Conclusion
From the Paper "The second fake procedure of the word motivation connects it with paternalism, kindness, and generosity. Employers now and then give people plenty of things that they like in anticipation of getting a quid pro quo. This is the Santa Claus manner to motivate people: if a manager showers his employees with goodies, conceivably they will do a little labor for him in exchange. For instance, if the manager provides posters, picnics, discounts, as well as dinners, finance cafeterias and managers who have been to charisma school. The manager provides company newspapers, as well as magazines, softball teams and bowling leagues, as well as even Christmas parties for the children. The proposal is to make work enjoyable (Bernardin & Beatty, 1994)."
Abstract This paper explains that education is a valuable thing, but not everyone is cut out for the academic world; these people tend to grind more than glide and need a little "greasing of the wheels" to allow their educational years to go more smoothly. The author points out that flattery is needed to win your "A" because everyone loves to hear how wonderful they are, and teachers are no exception. The paper recommends that students allow their imaginations to run freely to expand this guideline beyond flattery, bribery, and general over-the-top behavior to create their own perfect semester and educational experience.
From the Paper "Step one to warming up a teacher begins, of course, on the first day of class. Do not make the classic mistake of showing up to class with an apple or any other form of fruit. This is a myth created by vindictive fifth-graders. Teachers do not want fruit. Teachers, as we all know, are grossly underpaid. Teachers want jewelry. Show up on the first day of class with a diamond necklace, a tennis bracelet, or a brooch. If your teacher happens to be male, no matter. A well-timed gift of expensive jewelry will surely get him out of the doghouse with his wife at some point, and he will be sure to remember you on his next anniversary."
This paper unravels and examines the mechanics of corruption and the ways to fight it. It then offers solutions to the growing body of government and corporate organizations trying to fight it.
Abstract This paper discusses how corporations must create a corporate culture that refuses bribe requests and establish clear corporate codes that employees unwaveringly adhere to. They must also assure managers that the company will back them when they refuse to pay. The paper explains that the potential, in terms of criminal liability, skewed relationships, lost contracts, disqualification from government contracts, loss of reputation is simply too great to ignore. Because bribery is illegal, it is conducted behind closed doors, with those involved expending time and resources to keep their secret. It discusses how companies also face the very real possibility of being pushed to pay more and more bribes as their reputation as a bribe-payer spreads. The writer argues that there are international trade implications surrounding corruption - corruption degrades markets, and increases transaction costs. Corruption also drastically affects economic development by causing a mis-allocation of resources. But more damaging is the fact that in endemically corrupt systems, regular people are not getting served by the government; they don't trust the government so they don't interact with the government. The paper concludes that third world countries suffer the most at the hand of corrupt business managers and politicians - as companies strive to eliminate corruption, economic globalization for all countries will no doubt improve.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Historical Background of the Importance of Business Management
Direct Effect of Global Corruption on Business Management
The Emerging Global Anti-corruption of Management
Global Business Management Leadership Practices & Studies
Motorola
General Electric (GE)
Corruption in Third World Countries
Globalization in Third World Countries
Corruption and Business Management
Future Measures
Bibliography
From the Paper "Increasing, in many parts of the world, companies and governments alike have recognized that corruption raises the costs and risks for doing business. Corruption has a corrosive impact on both market opportunities overseas and the broader business climate. During the last 10 years, dramatic new imperatives have emerged for companies to take action against corruption and bribery. Once viewed by many firms as an awkward but necessary requirement of doing business, corruption and bribery are emerging instead as a form of business malpractice. Corruption also deters foreign investment, stifles economic growth, and undermines legal and judicial systems. The risks of exposure have become greater, the costs of exposure more substantial, and a compelling body of evidence demonstrates that engaging in corruption and bribery damages company integrity, degrades the business environment, and fails to create enduring competitive advantage.
As a result of this problem, and to obtain a competitive advantage in the global markets of the twenty-first century, a growing number of businesses are taking proactive steps to detect and prevent corruption. With respect to the emerging international anti-corruption environment, the unifying concept in all of the global and regional processes is that effective action to prevent, detect, and punish corruption must be taken by each individual government and company. Leadership companies have responded to these imperatives by establishing comprehensive anti-corruption and bribery programs that include strong written policies, extensive training, and rigorous auditing and internal controls. In the later 1990's, a consensus emerged among businesses, governments, academics, and ordinary citizens that bribery and corruption are not defensible in either economic or cultural terms. Recent times have shed light on a number of companies that have experienced serious corruption and bribery incidents and have suffered reputation damage and enforcement actions as a result."
Abstract The paper explains that the term white-collar crime generally encompasses a variety of nonviolent crimes usually committed in commercial situations for financial gain. The paper then discusses the movie "Wall Street", pointing out that it depicted at least five types of white-collar crimes: bribery, insider training, kickback, money laundering and securities fraud. The paper further explains that the fundamental lesson learned in "Wall Street" is that crime does not pay. Sooner or later it will catch up with anyone doing the deed. The paper shows how the portrayal of good people and bad people in "Wall Street" is a resolute example of the battle between good and evil ongoing in society since time immemorial.
From the Paper "Wall Street portrayed classic cases of white-collar crimes, "coined in 1939 during a speech given by Edwin Sutherland to the American Sociological Society. Sutherland defined the term as 'crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.' Although there has been some debate as to what qualifies as a white-collar crime, the term today generally encompasses a variety of nonviolent crimes usually committed in commercial situations for financial gain. (Bruce, 2006)""
Abstract This paper explains that the anti-bribery provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) makes it illegal for a U.S. person to make a corrupt payment to a foreign official to secure or retain business. The author points out that this act has an impact on U.S. commerce because companies with considerable foreign sales must have an effective FCPA compliance auditing program. In addition, the paper relates that the FCPA potentially is applicable to any individual, firm, officer, director, employee or agent of a firm and any stockholder acting on behalf of a firm.
From the Paper "The case of Lockheed Martin Corp's Proposed Acquisition of Titan Corporation: In September 2003, Lockheed Martin Corp declared its plans to take over Titan Corporation, a defense contractor based in California for $1.8 billion approximately. As per the acquisition agreement entered into between Lockheed and Titan, the acquisition was to be completed by March 2004 at the latest. In keeping with Lockheed's routine pre-acquisition due diligence into Titan, however it was found that Titan had engaged in a lot of potential FCPA violations."
Abstract The paper provides many statistics on the country of Egypt and addresses the issues of unemployment, low standards of living, drug and human trafficking, corruption and bribery and a lack of a coordinated national infrastructure program. The paper asserts that Egypt must be able to capitalize on the current trend and pace of globalization by initiating a real program for change. The paper suggests the changes that can improve this country.
From the Paper "When one hears about Egypt, the thoughts that come to mind are the glamour and glory of the days of the pharaohs and the slaves entwined together in building great pyramids that would immortalized the god-kings - the pharaohs themselves. Egypt has always been at the crossroads of civilization throughout mankind's history. This is where Antony of the famed Roman Legion met and fell for the illustrious beauty of Cleopatra. In more recent history, Egypt is one of the powerbrokers of the Middle East not only for its contemporary social and political beliefs but its rich oil reserves enable it to have a great leverage in international economic and political affairs. The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations."
Abstract This explores whether iScan's product-line would be effective in the country of Russia. The paper first looks at the iScan's target environments and demographics and the product lines being offered. The paper then discusses the international marketing process, the ethical issues within Russia, the bribery, corruption, counterfeiting, competition and technology issues and the effect of the economic slowdown on ordinary citizens. Next, the paper looks at the status of technology in Russia and the social and cultural forces of the Russian government. The paper concludes that the iScan product-line would be highly effective in Russia.
Outline:
iScan Introduction
The Economy of Russia
iScan Target Macro-Environments and Demographics
iScan Products
The Quality Necessary for Social and Cultural Forces
iScan Internationally Planned Marketing Process
The Ethical Issues
Bribery, Corruption, Counterfeiting, Competition and Technology
Religion in Russia
Weathering the Global Economic Crisis
The Status of Technology in Russia
The Social and Cultural Forces of the Russian Government
The International iScan Strategy in Russia
Growth Potential and Feasibility
The Assembly of Data
Conclusion
From the Paper "For the product introduction of iScan, short for identity Scan, the Russian market is that which is most appealing. iScan is a BMED product, a biometric (thumbprint) microchip embedded door-opener, which is used to read the thumbprint of an individual in order to ascertain their identity prior to allowing entry; more details in regards to the exact design of iScan and what sets it apart from other companies is discussed later. Given the nature of the technology, such a market is of particular relevance within many industries in Russia, particularly within government and high-level business organizations. The applications of the technology however afford more diversity in usage, something which iScan will be pursuing directly, as increasing the consumer base for the same product is a tried-and-true recipe for success."
