Abstract The paper discusses modernist architect Marcel Breuer's background and his style of work. The paper relates that Breuer is well known for his emphasis on the technical and structural aspects of his buildings. The paper adds that his architecture is recognized for its attention to light and shading, particularly in the use of tinted or shaded windows and overhanging elements. The paper notes his many accomplishments.
From the Paper "Born in Pecs Hungary in 1902, Marcel Breuer attended university at the newly formed Weimar Bauhaus, attracted to the promises of new architectural and artistic approaches (Marcel Breuer: architect biography, par. 1). He attended the Bauhaus in the early twenties and taught there after finishing his studies. Though the Bauhaus did not yet offer architecture when he began there, Breuer, aided by Georg Muche, began to study housing anyway. He had a particular interest in high-rise structures and soon after developed a seven-story apartment block that would be mass-produced in the years to come (Marcel Breuer: architect biography, par. 1)."
Abstract This paper examines the furniture designs of one of the Bauhaus' most famous designers, Marcel Breuer (in the context of the Bauhaus and the modern movement). The paper argues that Breuer's furniture designs reflect the overall Bauhaus interest in the application of industrial mass production to the creation of domestic spaces defined by quality design. The writer explains that although the Bauhaus was to only exist for a few short years before its closing by Germany's Nazi government in 1933, its ethos can be seen to be reflected in much of Breuer's innovations in furniture design. The writer also notes that Marcel Breuer's furniture design would prove so enduring and popular that it came to be characteristic of the modern movement. The writer concludes that in situating Breuer within the context of the Bauhaus, we can see how his modernist vision evolved from an emphasis upon aesthetic principles to a focus upon the primacy of industrial design that may be inexpensively reproduced through mass production techniques. An annotated bibliography is appended.
Outline:
Introduction
The Bauhaus Vision
Marcel Breuer and Modern Furniture Design
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Bauhaus School that came into being in Germany in the wake of the First World War represented arguably the single most influential school in the history of modern design. Headed by figures such as Walter Gropius and Mies van der Rohe, and defined by a socially egalitarian ethos that envisioned industrial production as the key to presenting quality designed products for the general public, the Bauhaus was to play a critical role in the shaping of how the twentieth century perceived modern design."
Abstract William Morris and Marcel Breuer were architects that took two different physical approaches in removing worthwhile design out of palaces and putting it into the homes of ordinary people. Both brought to their design philosophy a substantial political agenda and, in fact, a substantially similar political agenda. The paper shows that Morris's politics had the gentle color of his native England in the second half of the 19th century and of one of its great philosophers, John Ruskin. In comparison, the paper shows that Breuer's political inspiration came, not from his native Hungary, but a post-WWI Germany and its socialist leanings and, later, from American abundance and willingness to experiment. The paper shows that where Morris's ideas reflected the natural life of a still somewhat pastoral England that surrounded him (especially as he had the means to choose his locale), Breuer's ideas reflected a more muscular, sinewy, hardened landscape of assembly lines and relentlessly turning crankshafts and gears. Where Morris was organic and 'green,' Breuer was skeletal and 'steely gray'.
From the Paper "Despite the intent of both men to bring good design down to earth, the results could not have been more different. Morris, because of the time in which he worked, was limited to traditional furniture materials, mainly wood and metal used only in joinery and sometimes in decoration. In fact, it was in decoration that Morris excelled. His use of curvilinear carving in his wallpapers and furniture, especially his dining chairs, makes clear his connection to the pastoral settings so familiar to educated Englishmen. In addition, because his belief demanded that the overburdened workingman have a respite from the world of shoddy utilitarian objects, (or ugly goods, as he might put it), embellishment suitable to the object and its use was essential."
Abstract This paper begins by comparing speeches by civil rights activists Martin Luther King, Jr ("I Have a Dream") and Malcolm X ("The Ballot or the Bullet"). It explains and compares the differences in tones, use of imagery and other techniques which made these two speeches so memorable. The paper then analyzes "Dying To Be Thin" by Jennifer Breuer to give an example of a speech which is more clinical and informative in nature. Women's rights activist, Elizabeth Cady Stanton's speech "The Declaration of Sentiments", given at the 1848 Seneca Falls Conference is then discussed as an example of a combination of learning, education, experience, eloquence and passion.
From the Paper "With this shift in language, and thus shift in perspective, Stanton makes a radical statement about the equality of women to men in the public sphere. This was something that most Americans in the middle of the 19th century did not believe (or had not considered). To be an effective advocate for her cause, Stanton had both to reveal and to conceal the truly radical nature of her ideas. By phrasing her analysis of women's rights in terms of the Declaration of Independence, Stanton was (implicitly) arguing that what she was arguing for was not radical, was simply a natural and even necessary extension of the rights of all and any Americans that the Revolutionary War had been fought to gain. But, by phrasing her analysis of women's rights in terms of the Declaration of Independence, Stanton was also (implicitly) arguing that her demands were as radical and as morally right as those demands made by the colonists to King George."
Abstract This paper examines how the history of psychoanalysis begins and most probably ends with Sigmund Freud and a handful of psychologists who discussed the system threadbare in the last century. It looks at how even though the system of analysis has been criticized on many counts, and much of it was claimed to be what we may say as 'sensationalism', the theory of the unconscious, the ego and the psychology of Freud has stood the test of time.
Outline:
Introduction
The Impact of His Antecedents on Psychoanalysis
Documents and Contributions
The Beginning and Progress of Psychoanalysis
Mystery of the Missing Disease
Breuer's Contributions
Questioning the Veracity of the History
Conclusion
From the Paper "Freud's important contributions and theories that made up the basic tenets of psychoanalysis were during the two years - between 1894 and 1896. It was during this period that the attempt was made at compiling an etiological inquiry into the aspects of psychoses, neuroses, psychiatry and neuropathology. This was the beginning when he built upon the works of the earlier analysts like Mobius and developing the theory of sexual aetiology of the neuroses. We may say that these years marked a deviation from the normal pattern of thought. (May, 1999) The evidence of the progress of the works of Freud can be found in the letters he wrote to Wilhelm Fliess, which constitute the documents available for the analysis of the history of psychoanalysis. The letters range a period from 1887 to 1904, which includes the time of the creation of the theory and its development by other researchers too. These correspondences reveal the thought process of the person who created a virtually new field of human knowledge. (Masson, 1985)"
Abstract This paper discusses how Freud has been regarded as one of the most influential figures of the twentieth century and how his published works and theories still remain as a major source of inspiration and contention for modern day psychiatrists and psychotherapists and continue to be widely discussed and queried by scholars and practitioners. It looks at how his ideas and theories have filtered into the mainstream and become an accepted part of modern psychology. It also discusses how he reached his beliefs, how his predecessors and contemporaries influenced him and how his theories became so widespread.
From the Paper "He further proposed that infants enter the world as fully sexualised beings without inhibition (the incarnation of the id) and then, as they go through the growing up process, defined in the psychodynamic stages of development, slowly become educated into repressing these desires and become a civilised member of society. These stages all correspond to an erogenous zone, which the child needs to satisfy and repress before moving to the next phase in order to maintain a functional personality. According to Freud, incomplete repression at any stage of these desires will result in either perversion (a term used by Freud to include homosexuality and masochism), hysteria, or unhappiness. These people become trapped by their infantile appetites, fixated at a particular stage, unable to move forward until they have dealt with these feelings through psychoanalysis by rationally condemning them."
Abstract This paper evaluates and compares the philosophical point of view, as expressed by famous philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, of the construction of the self with that of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical point of view regarding the construction of the self. The paper concludes with a look at how each of these famous men contributed to the field of meta-psychology and by pointing out the urgency of developing a a common understandable language for this field.
From the Paper "Although Friedrich Nietzche the famous German Rhetorician and Philosophical Language writer was never truly involved in psychoanalysis per se, his commentaries upon the use of linguistics do become important in the definition self for our purposes. For example, his many works concerning the meaning of truth not only deeply troubled the man and contributed to his early retirement from a prestigious university position they likewise created concerns for others in many and varied professions. The profession of teaching, on whatever level and the Medical Professions both physical and mental are good examples of the applications of his philosophies."
Abstract This paper explores the numerous parallels to be found in Fritz Lang's films "M" and "Fury" to Hubener's "Germanic Exorcism," and Joseph Breuer and Sigmund Freud's hysteria. The author discusses mob violence and how the capability to violently purge that which has been designated undesirable by the majority has existed in society for a long time. The author discusses the connection between possession and hysterical disease, and how the dissociation of personality which is related to medical hysteria can be seen in Lang's protagonists. This paper contains MLA-style footnotes but does not include a works cited page.
Outline:
Mob Violence as Mass Possession
Mob Violence as Societal Exorcism
Self-Exorcism, the Hysteric, and the "Other Psychological Self"
Conclusion: The Necessity of Violence
From the Paper "There are several stages to the development and acting out of mob violence. Most often, it starts with a "precipitating event, in the immediate background, [that] evokes fear" in the community and then continues with "a period of lull....then [an] outburst of violence....claiming its victims, almost always in one-sided atrocity." The period of lull is the key to any intentional act of group violence. This is the time that "a widespread feeling of tension....centered on the fear of the enemy" is developed by the group. The basic provocation in both M and Fury is the disappearance and murder of young girls and the subsequent suspicion of who is responsible acts as the motivator."
