Abstract
This paper compares plant breeding in the traditional mode and that in the genetic mode and presents the final comparison of the two and importance.

Tags:plant, breeding

Abstract
This paper evaluates how this process plays a vital role in the survival and maintenance of endangered species. The author reports that captive breeding programs can bring back rare animals from the edge of extinction through the use of correct husbandry and management techniques.

From the Paper
"Cooperative breeding in birds is not randomly distributed, rather it is concentrated in certain families. This supports the idea that there may be a common basis to this behavior in birds. Throughout the year they reside on defended territories yet they aren't confined to a single habitat or a particular diet. (Skutch, 256). Some questions that arise from this behavior are why individuals who are not parents help rear other individuals, and from this what are some costs and benefits for all the organisms in question? The answers to these questions will enable us to get a better picture of cooperative breeding and the role of "helping" in several bird species across the world."

Tags:florida, helpers, jay, cooperative, birds, breeding

Abstract
The paper discusses the code of silence in law enforcement agencies that ensures officers cover up a wide range of illegal and/or unethical actions and practices. The paper describes how this creates a breeding ground for corruption within the various units and agencies since an officer with low seniority/tenure will hesitate to report abuses if he wishes to advance in his career. The paper also mentions the practical concerns this causes with the external efficacy of the various agencies. The paper contends that the ethics of law enforcement demand that officers be held accountable, and hold each other accountable, for any and all misconduct.

From the Paper
"In addition to the public concerns created by this unofficial code of silence among law enforcement personnel, it also provides a breeding ground for corruption within the various units and agencies affected. When illegal and/or unethical practices and other grievances go unaired and unacknowledged, both by lower-level officers and personnel and by their superiors even in the higher echelons of government, it provides encouragement to other officers to perform the same actions and to utilize the same practices, or at least assures them that they, too, will not meet with punishment or even recognition of their wrongdoing. The true effect of the code of silence is hugely detrimental to law enforcement in general due to such corruption.
"One major factor in the issue of the law enforcement code of silence is gender. From subtle misogynistic tendencies observable in almost every law enforcement agency and unit ever studied to instances of outright sexual harassment and misconduct, including rape, women in many law enforcement agencies are forced to endure working conditions that are vastly different from those of their male counterparts, and are expected to remain quiet about it (Fletcher 1995; Smith & Yarussi 2007). The code of silence is at work in such situations in two complex and interrelated ways."

Tags:ethics, misconduct, harassment, career, reprisals

Abstract
This paper summarizes and reviews E.B. Sledge's work "With the Old Breed", and relates that it is Sledge's first-hand account of the atrocities of the Pacific Theater. The paper discusses Sledge's explanation for the intense mutual hatred developed between the Japanese and the Americans and notes that he goes through a number of evolutionary stages with respect to his views on war, as a representative of American culture's perceptions of war. The paper also maintains that the book is, if anything, an anti-war book and that Sledge is a compassionate and understanding individual who understood that the conditions under which the soldiers met excused them from personal blame.

From the Paper
" It is an inherent element of every war that the soldiers on each side are indoctrinated and propagandized to be lieve that the enemy is sub-human, animalistic, treacherous and brutal. To dehumanize the enemy in such a way makes it easier for soldiers of the other side to kill such enemy with as little hesitation or regret as possible. In the case of the Japanese and the Americans, however, the dehum anization was more intense because it was fueled by the soldiers' willingness to the terms. War was "sold" to both sides as a means whereby the "good" soldiers fulfilled a mission to kill the "bad" soldiers. Both sides were taught that the other side was so evil and brutal that it would be better to die than to be captured. Such an attitude creates much fear, but it also creates soldiers who are will ing to kill in order to survive, in order to avoid being cap tured and tortured."

Tags:Peleliu, and, Okinawa, soldiers, war

Abstract
The author of this paper relates that in studying women's lives in the intersection of multiple identities and communities, she has found that the the most vivid presentation of these issues comes from novels. The paper specifically focuses on Maria Campbell's novel, "Half-Breed." It describes the plot of the story and the way that Campbell portrays the struggles of the female protagonist in the plot.

From the Paper
"It seems to me that with the intersection of multiple identities and communities that many women must juggle in their daily lives, it is important that each woman award herself the importance of her own identity, as a work in progress. It is not enough to react to a static or changing environment. In some ways, Margaret in Harriet's Daughter is an inspiration with regards to this issue, because she is always dreaming and planning the change that would be right for her. Of course, she is young and did not have to face the pressures of a violent spouse or motherhood, or even poverty. As a child, her problems were considerably less acute than Maria's. And yet it seems important to recognise that if a woman envisions herself with new standards and new expectations, then she has a better chance to see her future unfold favourably."

Tags:community, identity, environment

Abstract
The paper examines whether the fact that Arabian horses have fewer bones means that they are superior horses. The writer proposes that their superiority is subjective. The paper explains how the Arabian has fewer bones, with many horse experts and breeders preferring the Arabian. The paper analyzes whether the fewer-boned horse has advantages over the other horses in the field.

From the Paper
"One of the things that allows the Arabian to be very good at endurance riding is the fact that the hind legs are "remarkably free" in their ability to move and be limber, Edwards explains in the book. The tail of the Arabian is set very high in the croup, and while moving, the tail of the Arabian "is carried arched and well up," a point horse experts notice when discussing the style which the horse shows while running."

Tags:mitbah, limber, speed, stamina, Bedouins, breeding, purebred

Abstract
Eugenics is the practice of improving the human race by means of selective breeding. Motivated by the rediscovery of Mendelian genetics in the early 1900s, the eugenics movement peaked in the 1920s. During this time period, many scientific papers were published, aiming to show that social disorders had genetic origins and that selective breeding could improve society as a consequence. This paper shows that while the field of eugenics had its foundations within Mendelian genetics, it suffered from subjective interpretation of data and a lack of consideration of non-genetic factors such as environmental influences. These scientific flaws within eugenics contributed to its refutation. All research is quoted from primary sources.

From the Paper
"In addition to the inherent bias of many intelligence tests, the interpretations of such tests were subjective as well. In Davenport's Jamaican study, he finds that the Black population scores higher on arithmetic, and Whites score higher in grammar. He claims that Blacks score lower on grammar tests because "Blacks seemed inferior to the Whites in ability to criticize absurd sentences and make practical judgment." What then, accounts for the ability of the Black group to perform in arithmetic?"

Tags:genetics, racism, ethnic, charles, davenport

Abstract
This paper explains the significance the arrival of horses had on Canadian society prior to and during the 1800s and even through modern times. The paper relates that the introduction of horses in Canada impacted multiple aspects of Canadian culture aside from farming and shows how rural and urban dwellers gained significantly. The writer also examines what factors have shaped the modern day Canadian horse breed.

Content:
Introduction
Background to the Problem
Significance of Study
Discussion/Conclusions

From the Paper
"The Canadian Horse today is often considered a utilitarian animal. The breed, a general purposes horse of sorts, offers a perfect solution for farmers, ranchers and other agricultural workers needing a utilitarian breed (Hambleton & Lanctot, 1963). The horse is often considered part of Canada's heritage. Specifically the researcher intends to determine what factors contributed to the arrival of horses in Canada and how the unusually well proportioned breed and docile animal emerged from the masses in the early 17th and 18th century (Putnam, 1952).
Many considered horses a source of power and social activity, as well as pride and prestige within Canada (Hedley, 1988). Horses enabled mechanization of many agrarian tasks and changed the way many farmers and other rural citizens underwent daily living. Researchers have continually explored the ways horses have transformed society both from a cultural and environmental standpoint."

Tags:history

Abstract
A presentation of a case against eugenics. The writer tries to prove that most of the arguments put forward by the supporters of eugenics were racially motivated and based on false or doubtful premises. The possibility of the pseudo-science making a comeback is also discussed.

From the Paper
"The "father" of modern eugenics is believed to be Sir Francis Galton, an English scientist and a cousin of Charles Darwin, who first coined the term eugenics in 1883. ("Eugenics," Britannica, 2002). Galton believed that arranged marriages between men of distinction and women of wealth would produce a gifted race. Galton propounded his theory of eugenics until his death in 1910. Even before eugenics was so infamously used as an excuse by the Nazis to carry out a systematic extermination of the Jews, the Gypsies, the handicapped, and the "feeble-minded," it had found a ready audience, most notably in the USA. The influential American Eugenic Society (AES) was founded in the US in 1926. It campaigned for sterilization laws that were passed by more than half the states for compulsory sterilization of the insane, retarded, and the epileptic citizens of the country in the 1930s. Restrictions were also placed on the immigration into the country by people of "inferior" stock such as Greeks, Italians and Eastern Europeans through the efforts of eugenecists. ("Eugenics," Britannica, 2002)."

Tags:race, nazi, german, jews, ethnic, hereditary, breeding, cleansing, geneology