Abstract
This paper examines how certain genes, specifically BRCA1 and BRCA2 can be used in diagnosing and treating breast cancer. It outlines the possible causes of breast cancer, its symptoms, and treatment. It also discusses the issue of genetic screening, as an ethical issue and how it can help to treat breast cancer.

From the paper:

"Breast cancer is a disease characterized by the growth of malignant cells in the mammary glands and can actually can strike both men and women, although women are about 100 times more likely to develop the disease than men. Most cancers in female breasts form shortly before, during, or after menopause, with three-quarters of all cases being diagnosed after age 50. Generally, the older a woman is, the greater is her likelihood of developing breast cancer. Worldwide, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, and in North America and Western Europe, where life spans are longer, the incidence is highest."

Tags:genes, ethics, medicine, women

Abstract
The following defines and discusses the different types and causes of breast cancer. In addition it looks at how this cancer is treated, the different stages of this illness and the proposed treatment.

From the paper:

?A doctor should be seen if changes in the breasts are noticed. The doctor may suggest a mammogram. A mammogram is a special x-ray of the breast that may find tumors that are too small to feel. If a lump in the breast is found, the doctor may need to cut out a small piece of the lump and look at it under the microscope to see if there are any cancer cells. This procedure is called a biopsy. If the biopsy shows that there is cancer, it is important that certain tests (called estrogen and progesterone receptor tests) be done on the cancer cells. Estrogen and progesterone receptor tests may tell whether hormones affect the way the cancer grows.?

Tags:lobes, tissues, malignant, hereditary, inflammatory, women, health

Abstract
This paper begins by looking at reasons why women to decide to enlarge their breasts, touching on the American obsession with the "perfect body," and the role of the media in creating this image. The paper then discusses the safety issues involved in breast enlargement, such as the risk of cancer and the lawsuits that have evolved out of this controversy. The paper then looks at restoration surgery and concludes with a summary of the issue.

From the Paper
"On the other hand, some writers on the topic note that the manufacturers of silicone breast implants did not do product safety research, therefore leaving them vulnerable to liability lawsuits (Patterson, 1999). Although some experts have recently called for a re-introduction of silicone breast implants, most use a saline solution instead."

Tags:augmentation, surgery, silcone, ACTD, masectomy

Abstract
This extensive paper examines a number of issues related to African-American women and breast cancer, with an emphasis on detection, treatment and survival. The paper gives a brief overview of cancer, the breast and types of breast cancers. The author then describes the purpose of this study, which was to determine the impact of racial disparity on breast cancer survival. The study also addresses socio-economic factors, such as lack of health insurance, and low incomes. The study attempts to identify the reasons why African-American women have a higher mortality rate than all other ethnic groups. Finally, the author questions whether education, community out-reach programs, resources would influence the probability of reducing breast cancer mortality rates among African-American women.

Outline:
Introduction and Problem Background
The Breast
Development of the Breast
What is Cancer?
What is Breast Cancer?
Major Types of Breast Cancers
Risk Factors for developing Breast Cancer
Purpose of Study
Research Objectives
Limitation
Assumptions
Definition of Terms
Scope of Study
Review of Related Literature
Historical and General Background
Possible Barriers to The African-American Women having Mammograms
Existing Studies
Another Study of Racial Disparities in Breast Carcinoma Survival Rates
Methodology
Instrumentation
Statistical Approach
Relevant Results and Significant Studies
Summary of the Literature Reviewed
Findings
Association Between Socio-economic Status and Breast Cancer Survival
Relationship between racial difference in treatment, and breast cancer mortality among the African-American women and the Caucasian-women
Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
References

From the Paper
"The incidence of breast cancer among the African-American women is slightly lower than it is for the Caucasian women. In any given year, 95 out of 100,000 African-American women are diagnosed with breast cancer, compared to 112 out of every 100,000 the Caucasian women. However, the African-American women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer after age 50 (www.netwellness.org, 2004). Breast cancer is the cancer with the second highest death rate for both the African-American women and the Caucasian women. The overall lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer is 10% for the African-American women and 14% for the Caucasian women. However, about 31 out of every 100,000 the African-American women died from the disease each year compared to just 27 out of every 10,000 the Caucasian women from 1989 to 1992, but the rate also rose by 2% for the African-American women during the same period."

Tags:African-American, women, breast, cancer, tumor, treatment, detection

Abstract
This paper explores the reasons women choose to have breast augmentation surgery and presents clinical research about the safety of the implants. The paper traces the history of this cosmetic surgery, citing its use for reconstruction following mastectomy. The paper explains that ssome women choose to have breast augmentation for cosmetic reasons and discusses the types of implants are considered and their safely risks examined. The author concludes that breast augmentation may have health risks that could affect breast tissue. The author further suggests that more conclusive research is needed in the field to determine if women with a family history of breast disease should have breast augmentation for solely cosmetic reasons.

From the Paper
"The desire to look beautiful is inherent and has thus forced many women to resort to plastic and other kind of cosmetic surgeries. Breast augmentation is one procedure which has gained rapid acceptance and popularity among looks-conscious women and in 2004 alone more than 330,000 women and teenage girls underwent this surgery mainly for augmentation purpose while 35,000 had to resort to breast implants after mastectomy. [1] The number of women seeking breast implant surgery has tripled since 1997. [2] But it is not known how many of these women are actually undergoing surgery for the very first time since many of them are those who have had breast implants and sought second or third surgery to correct various complications connected with this procedure. "

Tags:cosmetic, surgery, breast, augmentation, vanity, media, beauty

Abstract
The writer of this paper contends that education and monthly self-breast exams are paramount in the early detection and successful treatment of breast cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, approximately 175,000 new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed each year and approximately 43,300 people die as a result of the disease. This paper details the eight components of self-breast examinations as well as the effectiveness and reliability of mammograms. This paper also contains statistical information regarding diagnosis and survival rates.

From the Paper
"One reason that education is so important is because there are several indications that something is going on with a woman's body that are simply not cancer. Therefore, a woman should be able to discern between those times when medical advice is truly needed and when problems are likely less serious. For examples, skin problems are generally not symptomatic of breast cancer. Indeed, any condition that might crop up on other areas can occur on breast skin as well. Some commonly seen issues include eczema, moles (which should be examined to make certain they're not skin cancer), and cysts resulting from clogged hair follicles. Additionally, nipple discharge can typically be caused by a benign papilloma or dilated milk ducts."

Tags:women, health, breast, cancer, prevention, detection, self-breast, exams, mammogram

Abstract
The paper discusses the risk factors for breast cancer that include age, gender, family history, genetic defects, early menses/late menopause, alcohol consumption and age at childbirth. The paper dispels the myths about breast cancer risks and then explains why breast self-examination is so important. The paper outlines the tests that can be done and discusses what factors can lower the risk of this cancer. Then, the paper addresses the option of medical preventative care in the form of medication which is done in cases of exceptionally high risk. The paper concludes that through education and discourse, great gains have been made in the battle against breast cancer.

From the Paper
"Simply defined, breast cancer is any cancer that starts in breast tissue. There are two primary types: ductal (which starts in the ducts that conduct milk to the nipple) and lobular (which starts in the lobes that produce milk). Rarely, cancer starts in other areas of the breast. With some breast cancers, the hormone estrogen can cause cancer tumors to increase in size; these are called ER (estrogen receptor positive) cancers. Another type of breast cancer is HER2-positive; the HER-2 gene helps cells regenerate, and, the more strands of HER-2 in a cell (including a cancer cell), the faster it will grow. There is evidence that HER2-positive breast cancer is more aggressive than other types, and more likely to recur after treatment."

Tags:mammogram, screening, hormone, replacement, therapy, breast-feeding

Abstract
This paper presents a project that is a semi-qualitative study delving into the possible benefits of nurse knowledge regarding breast cancer interventions in both nurse oncologists and breast cancer patients. The paper outlines the statistical method to be employed, how the focus group discussion (FGD) will be carried out, the quality of life changes before and after intervention as well as any perceived benefits, concerns or insights gained from exposure to this knowledge.

From the Paper
"Nurses are an underutilized health care resource, especially in the care of breast cancer patients and survivors (Gray, Goel, Fitch, Franssen & Labrecque, 2002). This project is a semi-qualitative study delving into the possible benefits of nurse knowledge regarding breast cancer interventions in both nurse oncologists and breast cancer patients. The statistical method to be employed is a 2 x 2 x 2 analysis of variance (ANOVA) of intervention (specialist oncology nurses) and control INQ-BC and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy results at Month 1 (period matched with original care provider) and at Month 2 (randomized, crossover..."

Tags:nursing, breast, cancer

Abstract
This paper summarizes three articles on breast cancer. The first article concerns the tumor suppressor gene maspin, the second is about a mutant HDL receptor that inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation, and the third is about CD47-mediated killing of breast cancer cells through a novel pathway.

Tags:breast, cancer

Abstract
This essay explores women's pre-operative and post-operative dissatisfaction with their breast augmentation surgeries. The paper examines the literature, current research and web messages addressing the psychological factors contributing to women's dissatisfaction with their breast sizes and surgeries. The paper includes a discussion of the demographical prevalence of cosmetic breast augmentation patients and the psychological therapies used to counsel and treat body image dissatisfaction among women in the age group of 17-52 years.

Table of Contests:
Incidence and Prevalence
Psychological Causes and Effects
Solution, Treatments, and Remedies
Evaluation and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Psychological causes and effects of cosmetic breast augmentation surgery are becoming a potential health concern for the women considering or who have undergone the surgery. The Breast-Plastic-Surgery.Org argues psychology of cosmetic surgery as an important medical specialty which rarely receives adequate attention. Most of the women who undergo breast augmentation, breast reduction and breast lift procedures every year suffer from common internal motivating factors, such as low self-esteem, poor self-image, need to rebuild the breasts after cancer or injury, and desire to appear less ordinary."

Tags:therapy, breast augmentation, self-esteem, body image