Abstract
This paper discusses the position of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations (UN), in relation to breastfeeding. The paper discusses the physical and psychosocial benefits for both the mother and child, of prolonged breastfeeding. It then discusses the promotion and support for mothers with new babies.

From the Paper
"Literature Review Table will follow separately INTRODUCTION Many health organizations recommend a prolonged duration of breastfeeding. Both the World Health Organization and the United Nations maintain that breastfeeding causes physical and psychosocial benefits for the mother and child. Promotion and support for breastfeeding have become national public health priorities recently. "The American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, continuing to 1 year or beyond" (Taveras et al., 2003, p. 108)."

Tags:breastfeeding, stay, hospital

Abstract
The paper relates that the World Health Organization recommends that babies be breastfed exclusively for at least six months, "with continued breastfeeding for the first year of life (and much longer as mutually desired)" (AAP, 1997; Dobson & Murtaugh, 2001; WHO, 2001; as cited by "Families", 2003, p. 1). Therefore, the paper asserts that all new mothers should be encouraged to breastfeed their infant children.

From the Paper
"The World Health Organization recommends that babies be breastfed exclusively for at least six months, "with continued breastfeeding for the first year of life (and much longer as mutually desired)" (AAP, 1997; Dobson & Murtaugh, 2001; WHO, 2001; as cited by "Families", 2003, p. 1). Therefore, all new mothers should be encouraged to breastfeed their infant..."

Tags:breastfeeding, nursing, healthcare

Abstract
This paper states that breastfeeding in public is legal in the United States. The author points out that, despite this legality, for some people, the sight of a mother breastfeeding in public is a cause of discomfort. The paper relates that public health officials and even the laws agree that mothers should have the right to breastfeed in public; however, the debate against public breastfeeding brings to mind the issues surrounding pornography and art that, if it aims to titillate, it is classified as porn. The author summarizes the many benefits of breastfeeding for the child and mother and concludes that not breastfeeding on demand in public can deprive both mother and infant of these benefits.

Outline:
Introduction
The Law: a Rundown of Statutes from all 50 States about Breastfeeding in Public
It's One's Right: Benefits of Breastfeeding
It's One's Right: The Impediments of Breastfeeding in Public, Specifically at Work
It's One's Right: Explicit Reasons Why Breastfeeding in Public is Okay
Alternatives to Breastfeeding in Public

From the Paper
"In 2005, a different kind of protest spread from the Internet, to the streets, and outside the ABC headquarters. The culprit was Barbara Walters' comment on "The View" that the sight of a woman breast-feeding her child beside her on a plane made her uncomfortable. Outside the ABC headquarters, which airs "The View", some women were breastfeeding their babies in full view of everyone. Some held up placards and signs that denounced both Walters and her program. Amy Harmon writes that this was probably the first overt manifestation of a movement called "lactivism" or women who wants their right to breastfeed in public recognized."

Tags:lactivism, uncomfortable, necessity, work, intimacy

Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses an article "Breastfeeding Duration in an Australian Population: The Influence of Modifiable Antenatal Factors." by Blyth, R., M. Mid, D. Creedy, C. Dennis, W. Moyle, J. Pratt, S. De Vries & Healy, G. The writer maintains that the modifiable factors discussed in the article have implications for nursing interventions, and all of the researchers who conducted this study are nurses. The writer notes that even though almost all mothers initiate breastfeeding, the current trend around the world is that one-half of those mothers discontinue the practice by one month postpartum and very few are breastfeeding at a later time. This critique assesses the value of the modifiable factors isolated by the researchers, along with the validity of the findings. The writer concludes that modifiable factors do not actually predict breastfeeding duration but they are a reliable source of nursing information about breastfeeding behavior.

From the Paper
"The authors include a literature review that focuses on the decline of breastfeeding and on factors identified in other research which affect the duration of the practice. Among the non-modifiable factors is being economically deprived, or being a member of an ethnic or racial group with inadequate language skills. The modifiable factors include the presence of social support, being provided with essential information, the intention to breastfeed, and confidence with breastfeeding. One of the most formidable obstacles to effective breastfeeding and its duration is lack of needed information by the mother. Most research suggests that when information is provided, breastfeeding will be initiated and its duration will be extended. The authors point out that there is no real consensus about the effectiveness of health teaching, however. The researchers also note the significance given by previous studies to social support. Support from family members can result in three times the likelihood of breastfeeding and a support network also is influential."

Tags:support, mothers, technique, nursing

Abstract
The paper examines the declining rates of breastfeeding, particularly among low-income and working mothers, with the intent to support increasing those levels among those populations. The paper describes the physiology of lactation, explores the barriers to breastfeeding and looks at the Hispanic community that experiences one of the largest deficits in overall rates of breast feeding. The paper discusses the post-delivery care when a lot of attention must be paid to helping women become active breast-feeders and relates that the quality and standards of care vary widely among the urban areas, states and individual practitioners. The paper discusses the role of nurse practitioners who must encourage their patients to breastfeed since breastfeeding has an overall positive life-long impact upon the health of a child.

Outline:
Physiology of Lactation
Barriers to Breastfeeding
Population
Current Standards of Care after Delivery
The Role of Nurse Practitioners
Increasing Knowledge of Breastfeeding in the Practice

From the Paper
"Breastfeeding has, until relatively recently in our cultural history, been an unavoidable part of life throughout the entire world. But, in the "modern" era, a wave engulfed many mothers, particularly during the mid-twentieth century, which promoted the use of "formula", or manufactured powders that were thought to be nutritionally superior to mother's milk and, less potentially offensive to others (puritanical morals being what they were in the 1940's through mid 1960's). We now live in a world where advertisers say "breast milk is best", but then push the ease and benefits of their manufactured products. Women increasingly turn to formula when they cannot or will not breastfeed in public, or are otherwise forced to use methods such as breast pumps in order to feed their children while managing a job or otherwise busy schedule. Several studies have shown that there have been a series of declines in particular populations of the number of women breastfeeding at various times followed by upswings in other populations or communities."

Tags:lactation, formula, prenatal, care, Hispanics, Mexicans

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines Jean Penrose Arlotti's article, "Breastfeeding among Low-Income Women with and without Peer Support", which discusses the effects of peer support on breastfeeding among low-income women during the first three months after giving birth. The writer notes that the problem identified in the article was the busy lifestyle of women that interfered with breastfeeding and the lack of prenatal education and support regarding breastfeeding given to low-income women. The writer concludes that the study is clear and concise and could be replicated sufficiently with the proper sample group and support participants.

Outline:
Purpose of Study and Identify Problem
Examine Literature Review
The Study Framework or Theoretical Perspective
Research Objectives, Questions, or Hypotheses
Sample Setting
Measurement Instrument Used in the Study
Procedures for Data Collection
Statistical Analyses Used
Researcher's Interpretation of Findings
Study Limitations Identified by the Researcher
Researcher Generalization of Findings
Implications of the Findings for Nursing
Suggestions for Further Study
The Study is Sufficiently Clear to Replicate

From the Paper
"The independent variables that were operational within the study included whether the participants belonged to a group with a peer counselor or a group without a peer counselor; whether the women belonged to a breastfeeding class; whether the women knew others who breastfed; and whether each woman was given support for breastfeeding. The conceptual independent variable was the mother's career plans after birth. The operational dependent variables in the study dealt with the actual amount of time the women in the study breastfed their babies, while the conceptual dependant variables included peer support, family support, and the effects of breastfeeding education. The research variable, both conceptually and operationally was the time frame that the study was conducted within. The demographic variables used in the study were age of the breastfeeding woman; her education level; marital status; race or ethnicity; her career plans after the child's birth; and whether she planned to breast or bottle-feed her child, or both."

Tags:counselor, health, professionals, babies, mothers

Abstract
The paper discusses how the World Health Organization (WHO) and other health and scientific groups insist that breastfeeding is the best way to feed infants. The paper reveals that there are many benefits involved in breastfeeding and they begin right after birth (USBC, 2008). The paper asserts that breastfeeding provides the best possible nutrition that a child can receive; the child's current physical health and wellbeing depend on their being breastfed and their future development is affected in a positive way by breastfeeding.

From the Paper
"It is difficult sometimes for mothers to breastfeed their infants so that they bottle feed instead. The World Health Organization (WHO) and other health and scientific groups insist that breastfeeding is the best way to feed infants. There are many benefits involved in breastfeeding and they begin right after birth (USBC, 2008). Breastfeeding provides the best possible nutrition that a child can receive. The child's current physical health and wellbeing depend on their being breastfed and their future development is affected in a positive way by breastfeeding."

Tags:breastfeed, benefits, interventions

Abstract
The paper discusses how breastfeeding is recommended as the best source of infant nutrition and as having significant benefits for the child's development. However, the paper points out that new mothers may not be aware of the benefits and breastfeeding must be promoted as a health activity. The paper discusses how a sample of 10 new mothers in the neonatal unit who receive health teaching about breastfeeding and peer support from more experienced mothers will be compared to the control group of 10 new mothers who receive health teaching only. The paper notes that interventions involving peer support will be the variables that ensure effective breastfeeding.

From the Paper
"Breastfeeding is recommended as the best source of infant nutrition and as having significant benefits for the child's development. However, new mothers may not be aware of the benefits and breastfeeding must be promoted as a health activity. A sample of 10 new mothers in the neonatal unit who receive health teaching about breastfeeding and peer support from more experienced mothers will be compared to the control group of 10 new mothers who receive health teaching only. Interventions involving peer support will be the variables that ensure effective breastfeeding."

Tags:outline, study, support

Abstract
In this paper, the writer reviews the article by Thurman and Allen, simultaneously relating personal impressions, opinions and comments relating to the primary question this study addresses: "Are lactation consultants affecting breastfeeding success?". The writer considers some of the reasons a mother may choose not to breastfeed her infant and looks at the role of individuals with certified lactation consultant credentials. The writer explains the role of the International Board of Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLC) and also includes an interview with a friend who relates her personal experience with breastfeeding. The writer relates that from this study, he gained a greater understanding of the help that individuals with IBCLC certification are able to provide for new mothers. A figure is included in the paper.

Outline:
Introduction
Study Components
Breastfeeding Considerations

From the Paper
"Now, however, the International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC), a recognized credentialing agent in breastfeeding support, assures a specific standard of education, training, and knowledge that non-certified "lactation consultants may not possess (Thurman & Allen, 2008, p. 2). Along with earning educational credits relating to breastfeeding, individuals with Certified Lactation Consultant credentials must complete extensive clinical training with breastfeeding mothers and earned a passing grade on the final lactation consultant's exam. Once the individual passes the exam and has been certified, the professional lactation consultant must re-certify every five years. After 10 years, the lactation consultant must re-take the exam for recertification. For mothers to become knowledgeable about what may happen when they start breastfeeding, it is vital that they receive proper informative information regarding breastfeeding. Healthcare providers sometimes fail to provide new mothers with information explaining the benefits of breastfeeding over formula feeding (Thurman & Allen, 2008, p. 1).
"Professionals who are knowledgeable about breastfeeding serve as one of the key components in not only encouraging new mothers to breastfeed their babies, but also in educating family members regarding the significance of breastfeeding and the value of supporting the mother to breastfeed her baby. Thurman and Allen note: "Breastfeeding initiation and breastfeeding maintenance benefit from the skills and assistance of a supportive experienced individual" (Ibid.)."

Tags:mothers, newborns, milk, nutrition

Abstract
This paper describes a program that will be instituted at the Bothwell Regional Health Center to promote breastfeeding. The author describes the informational materials that will be used and explains that the Hospital will set up the educational program for the benefit of parents and the general public, and will involve all personnel dealing with prenatal, perinatal and postnatal care. In particular, the entire Department of Obstetrics, from doctors and nurses to clerks and non-medical staff, will be required to undergo training. The author describes some of the nutritional, physiological, social and psychological benefits of breastfeeding, and concludes that by implementing this program the Bothwell Regional Health Center hopes to help and inform new mothers fully and capably.

Outline:
The Program
The Benefits of Breastfeeding

From the Paper
"The Hospital will be procuring a video to supplement formal instruction on breastfeeding techniques. The video will be shown as part of the training seminars, which will be conducted for staff personnel. The seminars will also feature resource speakers. Each participant will be give an informational kit that contains more information on breastfeeding, its benefits, along with more technical discussion like contraindication, and special guidelines for the health workers. Each member of the obstetrics department, along with other departments, will be expected to provide assistance to the new mother, and provide breastfeeding counseling to pregnant and lactating mothers."

Tags:protection, health-care, formula, support, rooming-in, hospitalization, pediatrician, newborn