Abstract This paper discusses stem cell research, with specific attention to therapeutic cloning, and then relates this to the recent scientific breakthroughs concerning stem cell application to breastimplants. The paper reviews research; public opinion and embryo stem cell cloning. It looks at reconstructive surgery and plastic surgery.
From the Paper "Stem cell research is experiencing great advances, allowing humans to see a future where diseases of today will not be of such concern tomorrow ..."
Abstract The author of this paper states that he/she has reviewed a brief history of breastimplants and has discovered that the history of this surgery is filled with carelessness, misconceptions and misinformation. The author maintains that most women who undergo the procedure are not fully aware of the risks involved. The writer highlights that in fact, many could care less, as the need to look good outweighs everything else.
From the Paper "Sooner or later, everyone finds themselves faced with a medical situation that may require a variety of treatments and the more unlucky of us may have to choose surgery. The first reaction to such a proposition would be fear or revulsion; the prospect of going under the knife is not a pleasant one. One would think that there are few people who would voluntarily submit to such a procedure, but the fact is that thousands of women willingly submit themselves to cosmetic surgery not for medical necessity but simply for the sake of their appearance."
Abstract This paper discusses breastimplants and the risks involved. Social, psychological and health issues are discussed as they relate to teenagers undergoing breastimplant surgery. Financial considerations are highlighted as well. Various opinions from professionals on the prudence of this surgery for teens are offered.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background: What is a BreastImplant?
Problem
Purpose of Report
Scope
Discussion
Why Teenagers should not use BreastImplants What are Alternatives to BreastImplants Pros and Cons of BreastImplants Social/Psychological/Emotional Effects on Teenagers
Ethical Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper "For several decides women have been undergoing breast augmentation in the way of breast implants. It is a procedure designed to enhance the size of a women's breast and millions of females have had it done. In more recent years however, the attention has turned to teenage girls. More and more teen girls are asking for surgeons to perform surgery on them and give them breast implants. Brittany Spears, the famous teen idol singer, is reputed to have had the surgery performed several years ago. There has been a lot of controversy over the implants in general. Some now claim that they have become diseased from the implants and that the implants are making them sick. Teenagers are at an increased risk for problems when it comes to breast implants."
Abstract This paper introduces and discusses the topic of silicone breastimplants in women. Specifically, it discusses why breastimplants are important for the self-esteem of many women and how it has been proved they are safe and pose no threat to women's health. Silicone breastimplants have been the subject of controversy because many people believe they can cause physical damage or even death to many implant patients. Because of this threat, silicone implants were removed from the market for many years. The paper shows, however, that recent studies prove implants are safe. It argues that women should be able to have this type of cosmetic surgery if they desire. They should be made aware of the risks, but should be able to make up their own minds.
From the Paper "The FDA ban and following lawsuits received massive media attention, and women everywhere began to fear breast implants of any type, but silicone was especially suspect. Several studies showed that silicone implants could at times rupture, leak, or migrate from their original locations, but medical studies had never decided what the exact health risks of these problems were (Brecher). Suddenly, all breast implants were suspect, and the implant industry settled millions of dollars in lawsuits during the time. Many experts believe that much of the hysteria over implants was fueled by the media and by over-zealous attorneys, who urged anyone with an implant to jump on the bandwagon and sue, whether or not their implants had caused any health issues."
Abstract This paper begins by looking at reasons why women to decide to enlarge their breasts, touching on the American obsession with the "perfect body", and the role of the media in creating this image. The paper then discusses the safety issues involved in breast enlargement, such as the risk of cancer and the lawsuits that have evolved out of this controversy. The paper then looks at restoration surgery and concludes with a summary of the issue.
From the Paper "On the other hand, some writers on the topic note that the manufacturers of silicone breast implants did not do product safety research, therefore leaving them vulnerable to liability lawsuits (Patterson, 1999). Although some experts have recently called for a re-introduction of silicone breast implants, most use a saline solution instead."
Abstract Breast augmentation surgery seems to be a growing trend in this day and age. Superficially, it has become accepted by society and often classified as beautiful. In reality, young women are paying exorbitant prices for a painful and risky surgery. In addition, the fragile self-esteem of these women is put into the hands of the doctors, hoping that they will make them beautiful. This research paper explores the effects of breast enlargement surgery and the media on college-aged women. The paper includes personal observations by the author.
From the Paper "It seems to me that plastic surgeons play on these insecurities to make their money. For an example, the initial consultation is thoroughly humiliating. The patient has to take off her shirt as the doctor marks all over her body with a "sharpie" marker. He points out all of the woman's imperfections and what he hopes to do with the surgery. Now, once a
young woman sees all of these imperfections she's never noticed before, she?ll want the surgery more than ever. This is the mentality that the doctors hope for in their patients. In fact, according to Joel Studin, about 70% of the women who complete the initial consultation end up following through with the surgery (Studin 3). Another tactic used is the offer of a free consultation. While this may initially sound like the doctors are doing the patients a favor, they know that 70% are going to come back and pay $3,000- $14,000 to get the surgery completed. Yet still, the free consultation appeals to young women and brings them in, just to be pointed out where all of their imperfections are."
From the Paper "A little girl's first exposure to beauty often comes early, possibly when she is given a makeup vanity or dress up clothes. Most parents are not aware that these simple gifts begin a vicious cycle of salon visits, beauty routines, and other means of making oneself live up to a "standard" of beauty. Even the very idols that young women look up to are promoting this beauty standard, by doing things such as getting cosmetic surgery at a very young age. These idols set the standard of beauty for young women, encouraging them to obtain cosmetic enhancement when their bodies have not yet fully matured. Many people wonder what makes a woman attractive. The media produces an image with big eyes, long hair, and most importantly, big breasts. Because society places such an emphasis on beauty and voluptuousness, more and more women each year are racing out to have cosmetic surgery. (Fig 2.3) Many of these women have no idea what the risks and side effects of these surgeries could be, and with breast augmentation rated as the second most common cosmetic procedure, this lack of knowledge is scary."
Abstract This paper explores the reasons women choose to have breast augmentation surgery and presents clinical research about the safety of the implants. The paper traces the history of this cosmetic surgery, citing its use for reconstruction following mastectomy. The paper explains that ssome women choose to have breast augmentation for cosmetic reasons and discusses the types of implants are considered and their safely risks examined. The author concludes that breast augmentation may have health risks that could affect breast tissue. The author further suggests that more conclusive research is needed in the field to determine if women with a family history of breast disease should have breast augmentation for solely cosmetic reasons.
From the Paper "The desire to look beautiful is inherent and has thus forced many women to resort to plastic and other kind of cosmetic surgeries. Breast augmentation is one procedure which has gained rapid acceptance and popularity among looks-conscious women and in 2004 alone more than 330,000 women and teenage girls underwent this surgery mainly for augmentation purpose while 35,000 had to resort to breast implants after mastectomy. [1] The number of women seeking breast implant surgery has tripled since 1997. [2] But it is not known how many of these women are actually undergoing surgery for the very first time since many of them are those who have had breast implants and sought second or third surgery to correct various complications connected with this procedure. "
Abstract This paper studies the plastic surgery industry in the United States. It focuses on breastimplants and face lifts. It describes the history of the field and discusses the current techniques. The paper contends that cosmetic surgery has become a multi-billion dollar industry and involves many more average Americans than stars and wealthy patients. The industry is thriving despite the controversy over the breastimplant surgery and the future looks very profitable. The paper concludes that the industry of plastic surgery will continue to thrive and prosper in the future, especially in the United States.
From the Paper "Until several decades ago plastic surgery was reserved for the very wealthy and Hollywood movie stars. They would go into hiding, and come out a few weeks later looking younger than they did before. Everyone knew something had been lifted or tucked but it was rarely vocalized in public. Then the breast implant market hit the scene and the plastic surgery industry exploded into a Mecca of revenue and business. Women between 18 and 80 were rushing to have their breasts enlarged. Once this became an accepted practice it was not long before the "average" person was taking vacation time from work to have a face-lift. Cosmetic surgery has become a multi-billion dollar industry and involves many more average Americans than stars and wealthy patients. The industry is thriving even given the controversy over the breast implant surgery and the future looks very profitable. "
Tags: Plastic, Cosmetic, surgery, Hollywood, face, lift, breast, implant, United, States, industry
Abstract The paper discusses how an illness such as ovarian cancer, breastimplants and menopause can cause the inability to perform simple tasks but it can also negatively affect the body which causes psychological distress towards the patient. The paper explores the research that shows how higher self-esteem among cancer patients is reliant upon a supportive family unit, friends and the support of other women who have survived the same ordeal. The paper also shows how a woman can overcome an illness by having a strong support system.
From the Paper "An unsupportive family adds more psychological distress among cancer patients which leads to higher levels of depression. Depression arises from low self-esteem which is also a factor in a patient's sense of mastery over a disease. If a patient feels as though they are in control, that they are still capable of achieving their diurnal routines then the disease has little affect on them psychologically. If, however, the disease affects their routine and the ability to achieve certain simple tasks such as going to the bathroom alone, then their inability to control their illness allows for low self-esteem which subsequently leads to depression."
Abstract A cochlear implant is an electronic device that is surgically embedded in the mastoid and an electrode array is surgically inserted in the cochlea. The device receives sound which is transmitted to the residual auditory nerve fibers in the cochlea. The author of the paper examines the effect of a cochlear implant on deaf children's cognitive development. The writer points to a number of research projects which show that the cognitive development of a deaf child is slower than that of a hearing child. The writer then goes on to examine the benefits such an implant brings to the deaf child.
From the Paper "There have been studies that compare the communication and intellectual differences among children with and without cochlear implants, and among normal-hearing children. Thirty to forty percent of children with profound hearing loss will present with developmental delays in differing areas compared to those who can hear. Children with hearing disabilities also have a difficult time learning abstract words such as jealous or before and after; they also have difficulty learning words with multiple meanings. Children who have had their implants before the age of 5 have shown progress in language development at rates close or equal to that of hearing children (Bat-Chava, Martin, and Kosciw, 2005). The goal of early cochlear implant is to lessen the language gap between deaf children and those who can hear. It has also been found that children who are trained in oral communication have far better results in speech perception and production than those who are trained in total communication. Oral communication makes use of hearing and speech to learn language. On the other hand, total communication involves the learning of language through sign and oral communication strategies. The use of oral communication is made possible for children with profound hearing loss through cochlear implants."
Abstract This extensive paper examines a number of issues related to African-American women and breast cancer, with an emphasis on detection, treatment and survival. The paper gives a brief overview of cancer, the breast and types of breast cancers. The author then describes the purpose of this study, which was to determine the impact of racial disparity on breast cancer survival. The study also addresses socio-economic factors, such as lack of health insurance, and low incomes. The study attempts to identify the reasons why African-American women have a higher mortality rate than all other ethnic groups. Finally, the author questions whether education, community out-reach programs, resources would influence the probability of reducing breast cancer mortality rates among African-American women.
Outline:
Introduction and Problem Background
The Breast Development of the Breast What is Cancer?
What is Breast Cancer?
Major Types of Breast Cancers
Risk Factors for developing Breast Cancer
Purpose of Study
Research Objectives
Limitation
Assumptions
Definition of Terms
Scope of Study
Review of Related Literature
Historical and General Background
Possible Barriers to The African-American Women having Mammograms
Existing Studies
Another Study of Racial Disparities in Breast Carcinoma Survival Rates
Methodology
Instrumentation
Statistical Approach
Relevant Results and Significant Studies
Summary of the Literature Reviewed
Findings
Association Between Socio-economic Status and Breast Cancer Survival
Relationship between racial difference in treatment, and breast cancer mortality among the African-American women and the Caucasian-women
Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
References
From the Paper "The incidence of breast cancer among the African-American women is slightly lower than it is for the Caucasian women. In any given year, 95 out of 100,000 African-American women are diagnosed with breast cancer, compared to 112 out of every 100,000 the Caucasian women. However, the African-American women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer after age 50 (www.netwellness.org, 2004). Breast cancer is the cancer with the second highest death rate for both the African-American women and the Caucasian women. The overall lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer is 10% for the African-American women and 14% for the Caucasian women. However, about 31 out of every 100,000 the African-American women died from the disease each year compared to just 27 out of every 10,000 the Caucasian women from 1989 to 1992, but the rate also rose by 2% for the African-American women during the same period."
Abstract This paper looks at the invention of cochlear implants, which mimic the functioning of the inner ear. The paper explains how it works, its history, and the effectiveness and problems with the operations. Issues are discussed, including the deaf community's fears that the devices will destroy "deaf culture". Benefits and problems with the implants are looked at as well.
From the Paper "An implant mimics the functioning of the cochlea, a seashell-shaped organ in the inner ear lined with 30,000 hair cells. In a normal cochlea, the hair cells turn sound into impulses that are sent to the brain where they are interpreted as speech, music, or other auditory information about the world. In most deaf persons, auditory nerve fibers are intact, but the mechanism to receive the information through the hair cells is absent. Thus, regular hearing aids are ineffective as they typically only boost the amplitude of sound input. The cochlear implant is a wire that replaces a person's missing hair cells ? it wraps inside the cochlea and, attached to a small external computer typically worn on the person's belt, also translates sound into impulses sent to a transmitter that relays it back to the implant, that relays it to the brain. At this time, only one implant is being done per person, as developers of the device have not perfected how to coordinate the operation of two implants to provide accurate information relay to the brain."
