Abstract
This extensive paper examines a number of issues related to African-American women and breast cancer, with an emphasis on detection, treatment and survival. The paper gives a brief overview of cancer, the breast and types of breast cancers. The author then describes the purpose of this study, which was to determine the impact of racial disparity on breast cancer survival. The study also addresses socio-economic factors, such as lack of health insurance, and low incomes. The study attempts to identify the reasons why African-American women have a higher mortality rate than all other ethnic groups. Finally, the author questions whether education, community out-reach programs, resources would influence the probability of reducing breast cancer mortality rates among African-American women.

Outline:
Introduction and Problem Background
The Breast
Development of the Breast
What is Cancer?
What is Breast Cancer?
Major Types of Breast Cancers
Risk Factors for developing Breast Cancer
Purpose of Study
Research Objectives
Limitation
Assumptions
Definition of Terms
Scope of Study
Review of Related Literature
Historical and General Background
Possible Barriers to The African-American Women having Mammograms
Existing Studies
Another Study of Racial Disparities in Breast Carcinoma Survival Rates
Methodology
Instrumentation
Statistical Approach
Relevant Results and Significant Studies
Summary of the Literature Reviewed
Findings
Association Between Socio-economic Status and Breast Cancer Survival
Relationship between racial difference in treatment, and breast cancer mortality among the African-American women and the Caucasian-women
Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
References

From the Paper
"The incidence of breast cancer among the African-American women is slightly lower than it is for the Caucasian women. In any given year, 95 out of 100,000 African-American women are diagnosed with breast cancer, compared to 112 out of every 100,000 the Caucasian women. However, the African-American women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer after age 50 (www.netwellness.org, 2004). Breast cancer is the cancer with the second highest death rate for both the African-American women and the Caucasian women. The overall lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer is 10% for the African-American women and 14% for the Caucasian women. However, about 31 out of every 100,000 the African-American women died from the disease each year compared to just 27 out of every 10,000 the Caucasian women from 1989 to 1992, but the rate also rose by 2% for the African-American women during the same period."

Tags:African-American, women, breast, cancer, tumor, treatment, detection

Abstract
The writer of this paper contends that education and monthly self-breast exams are paramount in the early detection and successful treatment of breast cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, approximately 175,000 new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed each year and approximately 43,300 people die as a result of the disease. This paper details the eight components of self-breast examinations as well as the effectiveness and reliability of mammograms. This paper also contains statistical information regarding diagnosis and survival rates.

From the Paper
"One reason that education is so important is because there are several indications that something is going on with a woman's body that are simply not cancer. Therefore, a woman should be able to discern between those times when medical advice is truly needed and when problems are likely less serious. For examples, skin problems are generally not symptomatic of breast cancer. Indeed, any condition that might crop up on other areas can occur on breast skin as well. Some commonly seen issues include eczema, moles (which should be examined to make certain they're not skin cancer), and cysts resulting from clogged hair follicles. Additionally, nipple discharge can typically be caused by a benign papilloma or dilated milk ducts."

Tags:women, health, breast, cancer, prevention, detection, self-breast, exams, mammogram

Abstract
This paper presents a project that is a semi-qualitative study delving into the possible benefits of nurse knowledge regarding breast cancer interventions in both nurse oncologists and breast cancer patients. The paper outlines the statistical method to be employed, how the focus group discussion (FGD) will be carried out, the quality of life changes before and after intervention as well as any perceived benefits, concerns or insights gained from exposure to this knowledge.

From the Paper
"Nurses are an underutilized health care resource, especially in the care of breast cancer patients and survivors (Gray, Goel, Fitch, Franssen & Labrecque, 2002). This project is a semi-qualitative study delving into the possible benefits of nurse knowledge regarding breast cancer interventions in both nurse oncologists and breast cancer patients. The statistical method to be employed is a 2 x 2 x 2 analysis of variance (ANOVA) of intervention (specialist oncology nurses) and control INQ-BC and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy results at Month 1 (period matched with original care provider) and at Month 2 (randomized, crossover..."

Tags:nursing, breast, cancer

Abstract
The writer describes how a friend of hers had a "breast cancer scare" and all her friends reassured her with statements like, "Almost no women die from breast cancer any more." The writer relates that this friend was fine, however, the incident caused her to wonder whether what they were saying was really true. The writer explores whether the situation with regards to breast cancer has really changed.

From the Paper
"Recently, a close friend of mine had what is termed a "breast cancer scare". Following a routine mammogram, she was scheduled to have a suspicious lump removed from one of her breasts. During the wait for the surgery, and then the wait for the pathology report, we all reassured her as much as we could. We told her the things we have read and heard in the media, such as "Breast cancer's not such a big deal any more;" "Providing they catch it early, they can cure it;" "Almost no women die from breast cancer any more." And so on. And I, for one, believed it. It turned out..."

Tags:breast, cancer, health

Abstract
This paper summarizes three articles on breast cancer. The first article concerns the tumor suppressor gene maspin, the second is about a mutant HDL receptor that inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation, and the third is about CD47-mediated killing of breast cancer cells through a novel pathway.

Tags:breast, cancer

Abstract
The paper discusses how the treatment of breast cancer starts with the diagnosis, but the psychological part of treatment bears significantly on the patient's outcome. This paper concerns the writer's visit to a patient at her home who had just been diagnosed with breast cancer. The writer relates that her goal during this visit was to assess the patient's general state according to six criteria, to determine if the intervention of a health care professional was needed, and to share with the client five criteria for further health care professional intervention as a tool to help and to teach the client.

From the Paper
"The treatment of breast cancer starts with the diagnosis, but the psychological part of treatment bears significantly on the patient's outcome. This paper concerns my visit to a patient at her home who had just been diagnosed two days ago with breast cancer. My goal during this visit was to assess the patient's general state according to six criteria, to determine if the intervention of a health care professional was needed, and to share with the client five criteria for further health care professional intervention as a tool to help and to teach the client. Breast cancer treatment has changed a good deal in the past 20 years."

Tags:nurse, breast, cancer

Abstract
This paper examines the Avon Breast Cancer Walks to analyze the theories and approaches used to persuade people to contribute monetarily to the cause. The concepts of extraneous affect, schema correspondence theory, social constructionist theory and viral marketing are explored.

From the Paper
"The Avon Breast Cancer Walk campaigns employ a number of theories of persuasion and marketing approaches to promote the Walk events. The role played by extraneous affect in persuasion schema, correspondence theory, seduction and persuasion, social constructionist theory and viral marketing in the Walk campaigns will be explored in this paper to identify how each is used in the design and implementation of the campaign and how they contribute to its success."

Tags:marketing, persuasion, seduction, Avon Breast Cancer Walk, breast cancer, walk, extraneous affect, schema correspondence theory, social constructionist theory, viral marketing

Abstract
This paper explores theories of health promotion especially as they apply to early detection of breast cancer. The specific theories include the health belief model, self-efficacy theory, and change theory. Each theory is described in-depth with an emphasis on how they may be applied to early breast cancer detection in light of the goals of "Healthy People 2010."

From the Paper
"According to "Healthy People", the target for breast cancer is to reduce the death toll. The aim is also to increase the number of women who have received a mammogram in the past two years. The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a psychological model used to try and explain health behaviors by looking at the attitudes and beliefs of individuals' health."

Tags:breast, cancer, health, promotion, Healthy People

Abstract
The paper reveals that more than two million women have been diagnosed with breast cancer, and hundreds of thousands more are expected to be diagnosed in years to come. The paper further reveals that more than half of the population of the United States seeks alternative therapies to prevent illness or maintain health. The paper discusses how these women are normally treated by physicians with traditional cancer therapies, however, Michigan State University has reported that during the past decade, there has been a trend for many cancer patients to use alternative and/or complementary therapies, many times without their doctor's knowledge.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this study will be to determine the models of use, costs, and factors associated with use of complementary and alternative therapies used by women living in the Wabash Valley area who have been diagnosed..."

Tags:breast, cancer, alternatives

Abstract
A critique of the article "Risk Assessment of First-Degree Relatives of Women With Breast Cancer: A Feasibility Study" using the article as a primary source in the discusion.

Tags:women, breast, cancer