Abstract
This essay addresses communism in the USSR, and why it was doomed to fail. Reasons behind the break-up of the USSR are discussed as well as Mikhail Gorbachev's structural overhaul, Glasnost and Perestroika and the effects of these policies. Lastly, the paper addresses why the USSR break-up occurred relatively peacefully.

From the Paper
"The seeds of disintegration of the Soviet Union were sown even as it formally began in 1922. Even as the shift to communism was made through the barrel of a gun, numerous individuals, ethnic groups and organizations such as the mainstream churches resisted their new communist masters. And while their resistance was stifled by violent and brutal measures, such as occurred in 1956 in Hungary and in 1965 in Czechoslovakia, resistance to communism continued, albeit underground. Like a festering boil in which pressure builds up over time, resistance to the central communist authorities in Moscow, within Russia and ultimately throughout the Soviet Empire, increased steadily. "

Tags:communism, glasnost, gorbachev, perestroika, soviet, union

Abstract
This paper discusses how, after break-up of the Yugoslav state, many explanations and theories have been put forward; some plausible, others merely a product of propaganda or ignorance of the true underlying issues. It looks at how one explanation has been that the lack of a strong, unifying leader, combined with the long-standing ethnic hatred amongst the groups, led unavoidably to the break-up. The paper also examines how others argue that unscrupulous, power-hungry politicians manipulated the masses to their own ends. In addition, the paper discusses how it has been put forward that part of the blame must be laid at the door of the international community, whose actions, at best haphazard and at worst negligent, have certainly lengthened and exacerbated the conflict.

From the Paper
"An alternative theory argues that the conflict was cunningly engineered by politicians like Milosevic and Trudjman, attempting to gain power in the vacuum left after Tito . They argue that the break-up of Yugoslavia wasn't inevitable; on the contrary, these people had peacefully co-existed for decades, and that Yugoslavia was "deliberately and systematically killed off by men who had nothing to gain and everything to lose" . To substantiate their claim, they point to the manipulation by Milosevic of Serb nationalism and the local media, using propaganda and scare-mongering as tactics to create a "greater Serbia". Not to be outdone, Trudjman in Croatia employed similar methods."

Tags:cold, war, tito, Milosevic, Trudjman

From the Paper
"Is Society Better Off After the 1984 Breakup of AT&T?
Introduction
AT&T (formerly American Telephone and Telegraph) is the world's largest telecommunications company, providing services, products and systems to consumers, businesses, governments and other telecommunication companies. At one time, AT&T had the broadest, most advanced communications network in the world, and created Bell Labs, a premier manufacturer of telecommunications equipment. In 1984, AT&T was forced to divest into separate businesses; the company rebuilt its business to include long distance, computers and manufacturing. In late 1995, the company announced that it would divest into three separate companies along its business unit lines.
The 1984 breakup of AT&T came about because of a suit..."

Abstract
In this article, the writer first looks at the immediate circumstances in which Henry VIII first conceived the idea of divorce from Catherine. The paper then points out that there were also other surrounding factors that must be taken into consideration when considering whether Henry VIII's break with Rome really was driven by Henry's sole desire for divorce. The paper points out that some scholars say the role of Cardinal Wolsey, the king's advisor, was crucial in so far as he supposedly suggested the plan to the King himself; some point to the influence of Anne Boleyn and Catherine of Aragon on his decisions; still others believe that the broader force of anti-clericalism ultimately played an important part since it helped transform a mere issue of divorce into one of a conflict between Church and State. The paper concludes that despite all these important factors, the chief factor for the break with Rome can be found with Henry himself and in his undoubted passion for Anne whose role in shoring up Henry's affection towards her and determination for the cause was far from unimportant in a desire that resulted in England rejecting the authority of the papacy.

Outline:
Introduction
The Strength of Henry's Desire
The Influence of Anne Boleyn
The Place of Anti-clericalism
Conclusions

From the Paper
"More fundamentally, it is questionable whether the Cardinal himself really did have intentions to become Pope. When Wolsey did obtain a position as a Cardinal in Rome, he frequently absented himself away from the place, even declining recommendations that he should go for his own benefit. Following accusations that his titular Church of St Cicilia was involved with embezzlement, he hardly exuded an air of concern about this as reflecting badly on his character and hence his potential candidacy. Nor did he make any serious attempt at cultivating a network of people on whom he could rely when it came to electing a Pope. Realistically, there was only one influential supporter, Campeggio, an acquaintance merely by virtue of him being a legate in England. Otherwise, Wolsey half-heartedly looked to minor figures that could not be expected to hold real clout. Even Silvestro Gigli, a diplomat, was treated rather indifferently in the role of go-between with Rome, so that Gigli was frequently moved to complain that Wolsey was not keeping him, and thus Rome, informed about developments in England."

Tags:Anne, Boleyn, Catherine, of, Aragon, marriage

Abstract
The following paper will examine Bertrand Russell's Paradox. To be more specific, the paper will look at how Russell came up with his path-breaking theorem and the history behind the paradox. More importantly, the paper will look at the enduring significance of the paradox and the manner in which it has transformed mathematical logic. Ultimately, Russell forced a re-evaluation of Cantor's theorem, led to the formulation of higher-complexity set theories, prompted the creation of type theory and even set in motion the development of axiomatic set theory - which was the precursor to Zermelo-Fraekel set theory. Lastly, the notion of a universal set was called into question by Russell's work. In the final analysis, Bertrand Russell turned the work of Cantor, Frege and many others on its ear - and took logic in exciting new directions.

From the Paper
Bertrand Russell's Paradox: How He Came up with It, The History, and It's Significance The following paper will examine Bertrand Russell's Paradox. To be more specific, the paper will look at how Russell came up with his path-breaking theorem and the history behind the paradox. More importantly, the paper will look at the enduring significance of the paradox and the manner in which it has transformed mathematical logic. Ultimately, Russell forced a re-evaluation of Cantor's theorem, led to the formulation of higher-complexity set theories, prompted the creation of type theory and even set in motion the development of axiomatic set theory

Tags:russell's, paradox, history

Abstract
This literature review examines the relationships maintained by couples after they break up. The paper examines lesbian and gay relationships as well as heterosexual couples. In addition, it seeks to determine whether or not children have an effect on the contact the couple maintains following a relationship that ends. The writer found that very few studies exist on this topic and those that do are somewhat vague in their findings. This points to the need for further research in this area for future development of family therapy theories and outcomes.

Outline:
Introduction
Statistics
Literature
Review
Conclusion

From the Paper
"For many years statistics have been thrown about that included the belief that 50 percent of marriages today, end in divorce. Recently this number has been challenged and the result was a reduction in the percentage of married couples believed to end in divorce. At one point according to the new statistical information provided by the National Center for Health Statistics 43 percent of married couples will end in divorce in America. Even more recently the New York Times published a study that placed the number at 40 percent. While this is encouraging news for engaged hopefuls it still means that out of every 100 couples that get married, only 60 of them will survive the long haul of marriage(Divorce Stats http://www.divorcereform.org/rates.html). "The National Center for Health Statistics recently released a report which found that 43 percent of first marriages end in separation or divorce within 15 years(Divorce Stats http://www.divorcereform.org/rates.html)." "

Tags:relationships, break-up, divorce, post-divorce, friendship

Abstract
A review of the Microsoft Corporation, focusing on the recent calls to break up its monopoly. The paper begins with a brief background and history of Microsoft and its founder, Bill Gates. Specifically, the paper looks at the program Gates brought to the world, Windows. The writer then explores what would be the effects of the breakup should the courts impose it. Finally, the paper concludes that Microsoft has remained remarkably true to its initial strategies and practices, and is likely to continue in this mode regardless of whether it is broken up.

From the Paper
"While some have accused the company of "strong-arm" techniques in the marketplace, others have marveled at the way the company emerged from the chaos of the early microcomputer days to dominate the market in a way few other companies have done. This research examines the early years of Microsoft and suggests that the company's current strategies are born of the company's earliest corporate activities."

Tags:technology, windows, gates, bill, legal, monopoly, company, america

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed scene analysis of the sequence immediately after the scene "The Break Up" in Todd Haynes' 2002 film, Far From Heaven. The paper discusses the characters in the film, the film's use of music and its cinematography.

From the Paper
"Immediately after the scene "The Break Up", we see Cathy walk from the warmly lit living room occupied by her husband to the unlit parlor where a window is opened onto the night sky. The music illustrating this transition foreshadows the momentous change occurring in Cathy's life by the use of a single instrument -- the piano interlude. The orchestral piece fades to highlight the piano solo, which signifies Cathy's new single status."

Tags:Todd, Haynes, Far, From, Heaven, Film, analysis

Abstract
This paper discusses how the writings describe different methods used by foreign or colonial powers to break the spirit of colonized peoples. It examines what these methods are and also looks at their effects. It tells how colonizers have often attempted to control and subjugate their colonies, but in the end, their dominance usually backfires, and the subjugated rise up to fight for their freedom and their own culture.

From the Paper
"Colonialism is an antiquated idea that has nearly disappeared, but not so long ago it was still an accepted and even celebrated way for strong countries to vanquish the weak. Author Aime Cesaire called the practice "a receptacle into which there flow all the dirty waters of history" (Cesaire 45), and his description is quite apt, considering the sufferings most colonized subjects discuss after they have gained their freedom, and their sufferings were certainly not centered only on violence. The colonization of unwilling subjects, such as Japan's colonization of Korea certainly entails violence, but there are much more subtle ways to bend the colonials to the whims of the aggressors, as Kim's book poignantly illustrates. For example, the Japanese begin indoctrinating the young Koreans early by hanging the Japanese flag and propaganda slogans in their elementary school classrooms (Kim 31). Later, the Japanese break the spirit of the Koreans by taking what is theirs, and leaving them with little."

Tags:korea, colony, japanese, foreign

Abstract
The paper shows that although the federal government and " far more importantly the consumer " may not like a monopoly, large companies have many advantages and so tend to keep reemerging. The author discusses how the entire world of telecommunications " and certainly the history of AT&T itself " would no doubt have been written very differently if the United States government had not twice intervened in the workings of the company. This paper examines the role of the Federal Communications Commission in breaking up AT&T and what have been the consequences both to consumers and to the technology of the industry as a result.

From the Paper
"AT&T's self-imposed dismantling (at least to some extent self-imposed, for company officials did originate the plan to spin off the Baby Bells) was the largest corporate breakup in history. It provided both legal and cultural precedents for the lawsuit against Microsoft that the federal government is engaged in currently.

"The fact that the company was able each time to recover so quickly merely demonstrates the need for the Federal Communications Commission oversight of this industry. The world today runs on information, and none of us can afford to have that flow of information limited or held hostage by the monopolistic practices of any single company."

Tags:telecommunications, Communications, Act, of, 1934, Bell, Company, Sherman, Antitrust, Act