Abstract
The paper considers data security measures that would have deterred data security breaches at BankAmerica, TCI and ChoicePoint.

From the Paper
"Data security breaches can take a variety of forms, from sophisticated hacker break-ins to curious employees looking at data for which they have no legitimate need. The results can be relatively minor, such as employees knowing one another's salaries, to criminal, as when data security breaches result in theft. This research considers three well-known data security breaches and steps that might have been taken to deter them.
"ChoicePoint is a data aggregator, meaning that it collects data from various sources, public and private..."

Tags:data security, data security breaches, TCI, ChoicePoint, BankAmerica

Abstract
The paper considers why data security breaches are more common at more reputable companies today than in the past.

From the Paper
"Data security breaches can take many forms. In some cases data is stolen for nefarious or criminal uses such as stealing credit card numbers or moving cash in accounts. In other cases, data can be stolen for industrial or political espionage. Still other data security breaches involve curiosity such as when the medical records of celebrities are viewed by curious employees. In some cases, data can be viewed and the information sold to a third-party such as when employees or..."

Tags:data security, data security breaches

Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses various recent cyber-security breaches in the USA. The paper discusses each event, the method used to breach the cyber-security and the response. The paper focuses primarily on the case of Moonlight Maze, one of the most infamous cyber-attacks which occurred in the late 1990s.

From the Paper
"The hackers were apparently working from a location in Russia, though this could not be definitively established due to the nature of the infiltration. All that is known for certain is that the hack into Department of Defense computers had been going on for more than a year and that it is entirely unclear how much information was made off with during that time. This is due in part to the fact that in addition to raiding information directly from the Pentagon, the hackers also used that point of entry to enter other sensitive systems throughout the US government. These included networks at nuclear research labs associated with the Energy Department, NASA, and numerous university research facilities (Drogin, 1999). Investigators reiterate that the attackers obtained no known classified information, but the general uncertainty surrounding Moonlight Maze makes this claim dubious at best."

Tags:infiltrations, sensitive, cyber-attack, computer, system, security, breach, hacker, russia

Abstract
This paper represents a description and analysis of a sociological "breaching" experiment conducted in the context of an everyday life experience: standing on the left side - the climbing lane - of an escalator on the subway at various points during the day. The selection and design of this experiment were informed by the insights of Garfinkel (1967) and Rafalovich (2006) with regard to the conduct of an effective "breaching" experiment. As is seen, this experiment interrogates the theory of structural strain (Rafalovich, 2006) with the hypothesis that as the socially accepted means and goals of society are challenged, people will adopt a set range of adaptations in response that embrace not only reinforced conformity but also the active resistance to social breaches.

From the Paper
"This paper represents a description and analysis of a sociological "breaching" experiment conducted in the context of an everyday life experience: standing on the left side - the climbing lane - of an escalator on the subway at various points during the day. The selection and design of this experiment were informed by the insights of Garfinkel (1967) and Rafalovich (2006) with regard to the conduct of an effective "breaching" experiment. As will be seen, this experiment interrogates the..."

Tags:experiment, breach, sociology

Abstract
This paper discusses breach of accountability within law enforcement over the past two decades. It looks at issues such as police brutality, corruption and other forms of unethical behavior. The paper then discusses the reasons that such breaches of accountability occur and how they reflect negatively upon law enforcement institutions and specific policy agencies.

From the Paper
"The implication for the entire police organization at Dallas is that this is a massive undertaking to defraud the criminal justice system. If it has perpetuated for so long it must be an institutionalized problem because many officers must have known of what was happening. The organization may not be judged as completely corrupt, but inattentive at an administrative level. It can also be said that the entire organization has inadequate monitoring and hiring procedures because many of their police officers were shown to be racist. All of these actions reflect negatively upon them to show that in general this police department is ineptly run and monitored. Police corruption has been rampant within Texas for some time and there have been many such instances of criminalized activity within the police department."

Tags:administration commissioner, criminal justice, brutality police

Abstract
This paper discusses laws in Canada that apply to breach of contract, related to an interview the writer conducted with Mr. James Pflanz (a lawyer specializing in small business issues). The writer explains how the law of contract is part of private law, and is designed to make sure that parties to a contract keep their promises to each other, and to provide remedies if parties do not keep their promises. The writer further discusses how in the case of partial or complete breach of contract, the wronged party may use contract law to try and get a remedy, which is usually damages. The writer asserts that it is very important in business to have a really good contract drawn up by a lawyer, so that a party does not suffer undue losses due to breach of a poorly written contract.

From the Paper
"One of the main purposes of contract law is to promote cooperation between parties, and make them keep their promises to each other. When parties cooperate and keep their promises, they can achieve success. However, if they do not work together and cooperate, or if they break their promise, then things can go very wrong. Money may be lost, and it may become a situation where the different parties blame each other for losses. Or else, it may be that a party does not do what they were supposed to do, or do it properly. In this situation, the law of contract lays down ways in which the wronged party can sue for breach of contract. This is the kind of situation I uncovered in a personal interview with Mr. James Pflanz, a lawyer specializing in small business issues."

Tags:private, law, promises, money, business, lawyer

Abstract
The paper relates that the Irish and UK courts' application of the doctrine of fundamental breach has been by no means consistent. The paper defines fundamental breach, briefly analyzes the history of its application and distinguishes between the types of contract that exist, specifically the difference between consumer and commercial contracts. The paper summarizes the development of the law to-date by considering the role of the courts in contract law and analyzing whether Clayton Love needs to be reconsidered. Finally, the paper explores avenues of reform of the doctrine.

From the Paper
"It is clear that a distinction has been drawn between contracts made with consumers and contracts between commercial entities. Already it has been seen that this has been alluded to by Ms. Justice Finlay Geoghegan in ESL Consulting Services Ltd. v. Verizon (Ireland) Ltd. and Verizon (UK) Ltd. and indeed Irish legislative authorities would seem to suggest that these contracts should be treated separately by the courts. The two principle pieces of legislation in question are the Sale of Goods and Supply of Services Act 1980 and the European Communities (Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts) Regulations 1995 (SI No. 27 of 1995). Like the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 in the UK, they are far less concerned with commercial contracts than they are with the consumer. The Sale of Goods Act 1980 in particular emphasises the importance of the strength of bargaining power, and gives particular protection to the consumer because they tend not to enjoy an equal bargaining power to that of the person or business with which they are entering a contract. This is but one of a number of factors taken into account by the legislation in its 'fair and reasonable' test for contractual terms, others including the availability of alternate sources for the goods or service required and whether or not there was an inducement to enter the contract."

Tags:contract, law, Clayton, Love, consumers, commercial, entities

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that businesses in Canada are bound by many laws. Important among these are contract law, as these govern the contracts that businesses make with each other, and with private persons. This essay discusses the law of contract, and especially laws that apply to breach of contract.

From the Paper
"This will be related to an interview I conducted with Mr. James Pflanz, who is a lawyer specializing in small business issues. The main purpose of contract law in our society has been summarized in this way: Civilized societies promote cooperation, and few institutions do so more ..."

Tags:law, justice, equality

Abstract
A complete discussion of the prominence of the city of Boston in the eventual breach and Colonial rebellion with England, including some of the important personages of Boston, and traditions and qualities of Boston that contributed to the break is provided in essay format. The paper looks at the impact of the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party.

From the Paper
"The breach with England that preceded the American Revolution fomented primarily in Massachusetts and New England particularly Boston..."

Tags:John Adams, Sam Adams, Ben Franklin, King George III, American Revolution, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, taxation, Parliament, representation, colonies, colonists, independence, self-governance, politics

Abstract
The paper examines how "Breach of Faith", an objective account of the problems that arose in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, illustrates how a natural disaster turned into a human disaster. The paper explores Horne's depictions of how the pre-existing problems in New Orleans' infrastructures, such as the lack of effective responses from emergency services and the failure of the government to enforce the law, exacerbated the problems of Katrina once the initial natural damage had struck. The paper evaluates the book's main elements and notes the excellent reporting and contextual analysis of the narrative.

Outline:
Introduction
Overview
Examination: Important Elements
Evaluation

From the Paper
"The author's main point is how a natural disaster turned into a human disaster. The natural disaster of Katrina was clear: it had a physical impact and physical results. The human disaster lay in the amount of destruction it caused. People in New Orleans either did not believe in the threat, and were not scared of the threat because of sitting through previous hurricanes. Further, the infrastructure breakdown in the aftermath that led to looting and lawlessness, and the disaster of the Superdome where so many people were staying for shelter in the dark, further compounded the natural disaster. The story recounts the human sides of the story, and how the human drama and stories were exacerbated by the unpreparedness and insufficiency of the support systems that were in place at the time."

Tags:Hurricane, Katrina, diaster, damage, emergency, services, infrastructures, preparedness