Abstract This paper reviews and discusses various recent cyber-security breaches in the USA. The paper discusses each event, the method used to breach the cyber-security and the response. The paper focuses primarily on the case of Moonlight Maze, one of the most infamous cyber-attacks which occurred in the late 1990s.
From the Paper "The hackers were apparently working from a location in Russia, though this could not be definitively established due to the nature of the infiltration. All that is known for certain is that the hack into Department of Defense computers had been going on for more than a year and that it is entirely unclear how much information was made off with during that time. This is due in part to the fact that in addition to raiding information directly from the Pentagon, the hackers also used that point of entry to enter other sensitive systems throughout the US government. These included networks at nuclear research labs associated with the Energy Department, NASA, and numerous university research facilities (Drogin, 1999). Investigators reiterate that the attackers obtained no known classified information, but the general uncertainty surrounding Moonlight Maze makes this claim dubious at best."
Tags: infiltrations, sensitive, cyber-attack, computer, system, security, breach, hacker, russia
Abstract This paper discusses laws that apply to breach of contract, related to an interview the writer conducted with Mr. James Pflanz (a lawyer specializing in small business issues). The writer explains how the law of contract is part of private law, and is designed to make sure that parties to a contract keep their promises to each other, and to provide remedies if parties do not keep their promises. The writer further discusses how in the case of partial or complete breach of contract, the wronged party may use contract law to try and get a remedy, which is usually damages. The writer asserts that it is very important in business to have a really good contract drawn up by a lawyer, so that a party does not suffer undue losses due to breach of a poorly written contract.
From the Paper "One of the main purposes of contract law is to promote cooperation between parties, and make them keep their promises to each other. When parties cooperate and keep their promises, they can achieve success. However, if they do not work together and cooperate, or if they break their promise, then things can go very wrong. Money may be lost, and it may become a situation where the different parties blame each other for losses. Or else, it may be that a party does not do what they were supposed to do, or do it properly. In this situation, the law of contract lays down ways in which the wronged party can sue for breach of contract. This is the kind of situation I uncovered in a personal interview with Mr. James Pflanz, a lawyer specializing in small business issues."
Abstract This paper discusses breach of accountability within law enforcement over the past two decades. It looks at issues such as police brutality, corruption and other forms of unethical behavior. The paper then discusses the reasons that such breaches of accountability occur and how they reflect negatively upon law enforcement institutions and specific policy agencies.
From the Paper "The implication for the entire police organization at Dallas is that this is a massive undertaking to defraud the criminal justice system. If it has perpetuated for so long it must be an institutionalized problem because many officers must have known of what was happening. The organization may not be judged as completely corrupt, but inattentive at an administrative level. It can also be said that the entire organization has inadequate monitoring and hiring procedures because many of their police officers were shown to be racist. All of these actions reflect negatively upon them to show that in general this police department is ineptly run and monitored. Police corruption has been rampant within Texas for some time and there have been many such instances of criminalized activity within the police department."
Abstract A complete discussion of the prominence of the city of Boston in the eventual breach and Colonial rebellion with England, including some of the important personages of Boston, and traditions and qualities of Boston that contributed to the break is provided in essay format. The paper looks at the impact of the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party.
From the Paper "The breach with England that preceded the American Revolution fomented primarily in Massachusetts and New England particularly Boston..."
Tags: John Adams, Sam Adams, Ben Franklin, King George III, American Revolution, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, taxation, Parliament, representation, colonies, colonists, independence, self-governance, politics
Abstract This paper discusses information systems (IS) security and focuses on three areas relating to IS security. These three sections cover the possible impact a major information security breach has on an organisation, the security frameworks an organisation should adopt to protect and information system and describe the OCTAVE risk based strategic assessment and planning technique specifically designed for information systems security.
Outline
Introduction
Information System Security Breaches ? Impacts on Organisation
Information Systems Security Framework
OCTAVE and Information Systems Security
Bibliography
From the Paper "Information systems (IS) security is challenging most organisations in the world today. As organisations recognise the importance of information to compete and be successful in business, an increase in security awareness to protect this information has also followed. As a greater reliance has been placed of information systems by organisations, the need to protect IS systems have never been so relevant as they are today. Highly publicised security breaches have made organisations realise how this can affect business, particularly when it relates to confidential, financial and personal information."
Abstract In this paper, the writer examines a case study to determine if an individual was properly classified as an independent contractor rather than as an employee. The paper reviews concepts including unlawful termination and breach of implied contact for continuing employment.
From the Paper "We are presented with a scenario in which the key question is this: 'Is Mary properly classified as an independent contractor or an employee?' The IRS suggests that it is important to look at the amount of control the employer has over the individual. As a general rule the employer of an independent contractor has the right to control or direct only the result of the work done by an independent contractor and not the means and methods of accomplishing the result."
Tags: employer, employee, independent contractor, unlawful termiantion, discrimination, breach of implied contract, at will employment, breach of public policy, implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing
Abstract The paper discusses civil contracts and provides an example of a breach of contract lawsuit against a florist who provided the floral arrangement for the plaintiff's wedding. The paper explains that according to contract law, the plaintiff will probably not be entitled to any damages demanded.
Outline:
Topic Summary - Breach of Contract
Application of Law
Opinion
From the Paper "Civil contracts require performance by both parties. Usually, but not always, one party to a civil contract agrees to perform a service or provide certain goods for which the other party agrees to pay an amount specified in the contract. Where one party refuses to perform his obligations required under the terms of a valid contract, this violation breaches the contract (Miller, 1988).
"Sometimes, a party performs the service or provides the goods specified by the contract, but a dispute arises between the parties concerning that performance. If the performance fails to meet certain elements of the contract, that is also considered a breach of contract, because the party paying for goods or services does not receive the goods or services actually specified under the contract. If the elements of the contracted goods or services not satisfied is considered a material term of the contract, that unsatisfactory performance is also a breach of contract (Miller, 1988)."
Abstract This paper discusses a breach-of-contract civil suit filed by Walt Disney/Buena Vista Home Entertainment against Blockbuster Video. Though the case was settled out-of-court through arbitration, this analysis discusses the details of the lawsuit and issues related to it and civil lawsuits.
Tags: videocassettes, revenue sharing, contract law, videos, plaintiff, burden of proof, legal system
Abstract The paper examines the dismissal of Ms. Maria Rodriguez from her position with The Cookie Jar, a reputable Toronto-based company. The paper begins first by examining the facts of the case as they are presented to the arbitrator. The paper examines the law as it pertains to any such situation wherein an employee such as Ms. Rodriguez is dismissed for breaching a condition of her employment.
From the Paper "The following paper will examine the dismissal of Ms. Maria Rodriguez from her position with The Cookie Jar, a reputable Toronto-based company. The paper begins first by examining the facts of the case as they are presented to the arbitrator. From there, the paper examines the law as it pertains to any such situation wherein an employee like Ms. Rodriguez is dismissed for breaching a condition of her employment. In so doing, the paper will draw upon some noteworthy precedents within the law which bolster Ms. Rodriguez's claim that she was unjustly terminated from her job."
Abstract This paper takes a look at data security, an extremely serious issue in today's technological world. The paper discusses how data security is perhaps the most vital component in any business or industry desiring to retain a secure and advantageous position in the market.
Contents:
Introduction
Data Security Breaches: Attacks and Counterattacks
Attacks
Counterattacks and Features
Conclusion
From the Paper "Backups and CDs where the confidential files are saved have become one of the favorite attacking and breeding grounds for crackers because if these backups are updated on the deletions but include all the latest versions being used, then the hacking or access to these backups could be more fatal. A factor leading this trend is the increased security in the server database (Committee on Computing and Communications, 2005). Another important thing to note is that tangible backups kept by a company are far more easier to reach and thus at risk to being stolen by crackers in order to get hold of the sensitive data; which is why their security is as important as software and data stored on the computer. In addition, eavesdropping, i.e. interfering and interpreting encrypting data during its transfer, and its decoding, is emerging as another highly utilized hacking application. Another most common hacking application used currently is to construct a decoy website for an evidently "account information" renewal, a.k.a. as "Phishing" that can easily turn out to be a trap a hole to get into the system and acquire data (Committee on Computing and Communications, 2005). "
Tags: security, breach, decryption, key, secure, file, transfer
Abstract This paper explains that, using content analysis to test the hypothesis surrounding aviation security, two press releases from the Government Accountability Office website were examined for common terms and references to aviation security measures. The author points out that this methodology focused on how the communications referred to aviation security and how frequently mention was made of changes in specific responses to the September 11 attacks. The author relates that this analysis identified that aviation security was breached due to inherent flaws in the system. The paper states that content analysis revealed that the current decentralized system with different parties responsible for various elements of aviation security is not optimal. The author stresses that terrorism is seen as unethical and politically illegitimate because its political aim is to kill the innocent. The paper includes a table and a graph.
Table of Contents
Introduction: Scope of the Study and the Uses of Content Analysis
Weaknesses of the Aviation Security: Using Content Analysis to Identify Trends
Aviation Security Current Position and Challenges Ahead: Content Analysis as a Prediction Mechanism
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) lax security measures, that had individuals who did not undergo background checks accessing and breaching the security of the air traffic control computer systems. Dillingham also identified that the FAA did not assess and accredit the air traffic control computer systems, perform the appropriate risk assessments to ensure that the computer system that was central to the aviation system was protected, nor did the FAA establish and implement any comprehensive security program."
Abstract This paper examines the issues of causation and remoteness in a tort of negligence claim. It provides a case study of a man who offers to fly a group to Disneyland in a private jet and breaches his duty of care when he drinks some alcohol in an effort to calm his nerves. The paper discusses the details of the case from a legal perspective and discusses the issues that arise.
From the Paper "As it is unclear whether her arm could have been saved had Rachel been sent to see the consultant earlier we cannot apply the "but for" test. The delay in treatment may have reduced Rachel's chance of a full recovery; however, for such an argument to succeed it needs to be proved on the balance of probabilities to at least 51%. If a loss chance was recognised by Abby's failure to recognise the injury in time to treat it, then Abby would be liable. In the case of Hotson v East Berkshire Area Health Authority it was discovered that if the 13 year old boy who fell from a tree, was correctly diagnosed sooner he would have had a 25% of making a full recovery, but the delay in treatment meant that he lost this 25% chance and suffered avascular necrosis. However, it was held in the House of Lords that this 25% loss of chance does not prove the case to the necessary balance of probabilities that a civil action must be found. The Court of Appeal's 'quantification' of damages was wrong, as the obstacle of causation had not been overcome. In this scenario therefore, for Abby to be considered liable, it would need to be proved that had Rachel's injury been discovered sooner she would have had a 51% chance or more of making a full recovery."
Abstract The paper's research addresses business downsizing from the employees' point of view. The paper reviews the literature and examines individuals in a local company through surveys. The paper utilizes these results to determine whether these workers feel that they have been 'cheated' by the company that they work/worked for. The paper discusses how, when companies downsize, it is not only the people that are forced to leave that get hurt, but those that remain are also often left feeling anxious about whether they will be able to keep their jobs. The paper shows how this can cause strain that can lead to both mental and physical health problems.
Outline:
Chapter I: Introduction
Chapter II: Literature Review
Chapter III: Methodology
Chapter IV: Collected Data Analysis
Chapter V: Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper "The breaching of a contract is a serious concern, but recent talk of this issue has also dealt with the perceived breach of a psychological contract. This can come from companies that are unstable, and often does, but it also comes from companies that have stability but yet must make changes that the employee or employees did not expect. The largest breach of psychological contract which will be addressed in this paper, is downsizing, but there are other ways that psychological contracts can be breached or perceived as such, and they will be discussed as well. This will help to determine how this breach of psychological contract makes these individuals feel in regards to their employer."
Abstract This paper examines ways of weeding out and preventing moles from infiltrating intelligence organizations, as well as determining the legitimacy of information received from foreign moles. The author discusses the CIA's technique of periodic investigation, blanket searches, character and behavior analysis, and the use of the polygraph. The author assesses the polygraph as being not infallible but nevertheless an excellent first-wave method of minimizing risk in recruitment and in intelligence breaches.
From the Paper "Perhaps the most commonly used method of weeding out any potential security threats is to periodically investigate employees of intelligence agencies every few years, and to also conduct investigations at any time when their reliability comes into question. The expressed technique of the CIA is "to reinvestigate CIA employees every five years, whether they need it or not, as well as when questions arise about the individual's behavior." This, of course, relies upon both the use of the polygraph and general collection of information on the individual."
