Abstract The paper explores trade and trade issues between Brazil and the USA. The paper details the principal export products and examines the controversies in international trade between the USA and Brazil regarding access to markets. The paper includes the balance of trade.
From the Paper "This paper reviews international trade between Brazil and the United States. The principal products exported by Brazil to the United States are manufactured goods, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, automobiles and steel. The United States accounts for ? percent of Brazil's total exports The principal products imported by Brazil from the United States are machinery and equipment, chemical products, oil, electricity, automobiles and automobile parts. The United States accounts for ? percent of Brazil's total imports."
Abstract This paper analyzes the Free Trade Agreement of the Americans (FTAA) and its impact on the small island nations of the Caribbean. The paper includes the history of negotiations and the failures of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA.)
From the Paper "The Free Trade Agreement of the Americas, FTAA, is an expansion of the North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA , to every country in Central America, South America and the Caribbean except Cuba. Unfortunately, NAFTA has not proven to be the success the Clinton Administration imagined it would be."
Abstract The 1960s in Brazil were revolutionary times. However, most of this progress halted under a new dictatorship. In 1964, a right wing military coup took control of Brazil, bringing with it an extreme level of censorship of both artists and intellectuals. This paper outlines the effect this dictatorship had on Brazil's contemporary art movement.
From the Paper "At the end of 1968, the Institutional Act #5 was set in place. This act gave the president dictatorial powers, dissolved Congress and state legislatures, suspended the constitution, and imposed censorship. For culture, this meant strict censorship of artistic events, and the persecution and imprisonment of intellectuals and artists. This was a very heavy blow to artists, as they had to watch their steps even more. Soon after Vladimir Herzog, a journalist accused of subversion, was murdered in prison by the military police, Cildo Meireles began creating his "Insertions into Ideological Circuits" in order to create a system for the circulation and exchange of information that did not depend on any kind of centralized control."
Abstract This paper discusses Brazil's socioeconomic structure that was founded on slavery. During the colonial period from 1550 to 1880, rapid growth of the Brazilian economy occurred because of the convergence of several factors. The sugar industry was synonymous with the early economy.
Abstract This paper examines the impact of Spanish and Portuguese colonization on Mesoamerican culture, with an emphasis on conversion of indigenous peoples to Christianity. The author describes the native religion and lifestyle prior to the Europeans' arrival, and the subsequent results of conversion to Christianity, both positive and negative. Also described is the treatment toward the native peoples by the Europeans. The paper is divided into two sections, one describing the Spanish invasion and the other the Portuguese conquest of Brazil. The author concludes that the effort by Portuguese Christians to convert native Brazilians - by force or otherwise - to Christianity was far less successful than tactics used by Spaniards in Mexico.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
The arrival of the Spaniards into Mesoamerican Mexico
Things did not go well for the Spaniards in 1680s and 1690s
Jesuit priest Father Tomas Miranda raged at the cruel treatment of the Seri
Portugal and the Colonization of Brazil Works Cited
From the Paper "And because the Roman Catholic leadership in Spain saw the natives as part of a prophecy, a gift from Lord to enrich their Spanish culture, the Franciscan missionaries, the first priests in Mexico, used "indoctrination" as a term rather than "evangelization." The Spaniards reportedly believed that since God had placed these Native Americans on Mexican soil for the enhancement of Spanish culture and religion, that the natives merely needed the facts of Christianity (Roman Catholicism), not the full litany of evangelization. The Spaniards were wrong, of course, and they found themselves in the midst of a myriad of troubling situations they could not possibly have predicted."
Tags: Christianity, conversion, native, peoples, Mexico, Brazil, Spain, Portugal
Abstract A paper comparing and contrasting the colonization of Brazil, Indonesia and Kenya. Several historical accounts in books are used as well as some journal articles for background information. The paper focuses on the assimilation of the colonists into new lands.
Abstract This paper reviews Stein's book "Vassouras: A Coffee County in Brazil" about the role of slavery in 19th century plantation life. The author points out that the book offers a greater understanding of how plantation owners would go to great lengths to gain wealth, power, and prominence in local society. The paper concludes that slavery played a critical role in the history of production.
From the Paper "S. J. Stein's "Vassouras: A Coffee County in Brazil" is an interesting portrayal of a coffee plantation and its influence on local society. This book explores the Brazilian culture in the 19th Century in greater detail, emphasizing the importance of coffee as a means of social communication and economic potential, as well as the pivotal role of slavery in the plantation society. The primary argument that the book attempts to answer is concerned with the understanding of slave labor and its influence on the activities of a coffee plantation, and that without the most effective operational structure, even in the 19th Century, the coffee plantation would be destined for failure in epic proportions."
Abstract This paper examines the way in which three cultural traditions have come together in Brazil. The author points out that these cultural traditions are Native American, European and African. The paper relates these culture as observed in dance, music, religion and farming practices.
From the Paper "Brazil is one of the most culturally diverse nations in the world, drawing on a large number of traditional cultural sources in order to create its own unique national identity. While there are a number of cultures that come together in Brazil, three major influences have shaped the national identity for the past several hundred years. These influences arise from native populations, Europeans, and Africans. The native tribes were obviously already there when the Europeans arrived, bringing their culture with them. The Europeans brought Africans to Brazil as slaves. Over time, these three groups found their own cultural tropes appropriated and mixed with the others to form new cultural forms in music, dance, religion, and even farming."
Abstract This three page undergraduate paper examines the most common types of protest in Brazil. It discusses land reform, environmental issues and globalization as the three primary issues of social, economic, ecological and political concern. The paper discusses protests over the past few years and what the protesters hoped to achieve.
From the Paper "Researching the most common types of protest in Brazil reveals that land reform, environmental issues, and globalization are the three primary issues of social, economic, ecological, and political concern. The most significant protests over the last few years have been organized and carried out by landless peasants, who have become increasingly assertive in their efforts to force the government to pass land reform legislation. In recent years, landless Brazilian peasants have protested government economic policies regarding land reform and free trade agreements such as NAFTA and CAFTA. According to Comings (2005) twelve-thousand Landless Workers Movement activists marched on the capital last May and "occupied eight ranches during their two-week trek from the city of Goiania." "
Abstract This paper outlines some of the most relevant issues regarding the potential effect of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) on Brazil and its economy. The paper analyzes the case of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and its affect on Mexico and its economy as an illustrative case. It then examines various trade structures and associations relative to the potential impact of the FTAA for Brazil and South America. Additionally, the paper looks at the benefits and the negatives of the development of a potential FTAA and examines several impediments to its further adoption in the region and by Brazil specifically.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Globalization
Economic History in the Americas
Trade Models
NAFTA Goals
Effects on Mexico
Macroeconomic Considerations
Political
Labor
Environment
Brazil Currently
MERCOSUR
Future of the FTAA Roadblocks to Progress
Current Debate--Pros/Cons
Brazil's Anti-FTAA Stance & Lula
Possible Impact
Macroeconomic
Political
Labor
Environment
From the Paper "Most economists believe the wider FTAA holds more promise for the South American member states than does the regional MERCOSUR or similar agreements that may result. The FTAA would expand the potential markets for industry competitors throughout South America allowing for greater leverage of comparative advantage. However, other analysts believe that the FTAA ultimately benefits the largest member states and leaves the smaller member countries with no obvious benefit (Oppenheimer, 2006). This last criticism has been directed at both the FTAA and regional agreements and seems to be an issue related to any trade agreement regardless of context."
Abstract The paper explores the impact of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) agreement on Brazil. The paper examines NAFTA as a working model and its influence on and benefit for Mexico and their economy. The paper evaluates various trade structures and associations relative to the potential impact of the FTAA for Brazil and South America. The paper explores the benefits and the negatives of a potential FTAA and focuses on several impediments to its further adoption in the region and by Brazil specifically.
Outline:
Introduction
Background of the FTAA Economic History in South America: Brazil in the Twentieth and Twenty First Centuries
Trade Models
Future of the FTAA Conclusion
From the Paper "Brazil has long been a highly populated and growing nation within South America. However, it generally has not been recognized for its substantial positioning in the world market or its cultural strength among Latin American people. In the 1990s, however, Brazil began to be recognized as a significant inclusion in the world market because of its collaboration in creating the Mercosur agreement with other South American countries. As Mercosur began to be realized the United States offered the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) with the intention that it would have the same results for Brazil that NAFTA had for both Canada and Mexico."
Tags: Mercosur, economy, trading, bloc, Chavez, globalization, European, Union
This paper discusses the existing trend toward free trade, especially the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) and the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA).
Abstract This paper explains that the trend toward regional economic integration has produced organizations, such as the EU, African Union, and Association of Southeast Asian Nations, serving the interests of many smaller nations by allowing them to attain more power in their foreign policy by acting collectively within; however, the key factor among all of the organizations, with the exception of NAFTA ,is that the member nations have comparatively similar economies in terms of GDP per capita, manufacturing sectors, and agriculture. The author points out that, surprisingly, the U.S. has done little to expand its trade relations with the other Western Hemisphere countries; however, the negotiations for the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) and the subsequent establishment of a common market in the Western Hemisphere, which be the largest trade group in the world, is one of the most prudent mechanisms for the U.S. to strengthen relations with key allies and propagate its global economic preeminence. The paper relates that the most significant objection, especially by Brazil, involves the agricultural subsidies given to US farmers, which will skew market costs and competition between U.S. and Brazilian farm products.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Free Trade Area of the Americas
Strategy for the Resolution of Disagreements over the FTAA Geo-Strategic Implications of the FTAA Conclusion
From the Paper "In order to revive FTAA talks and lead to a finalization of the agreement, three major areas require important changes: the administrations of the involved nations, the resolution of differences halting negotiations and a concerted effort to curb domestic political resistance to the FTAA. First, recent history has shown that the current administrations in many of the countries involved in the FTAA are unwilling to compromise on conflicting goals. While the Bush administration has made expanding free trade a high priority, its tenuous relations with the Chavez regime will continue to lead to subsequent Venezuelan actions to undermine US efforts. The forthcoming US presidential elections in 2008 or a resolution of the electoral controversy surrounding Chavez could bring a change in circumstances in this arena."
Abstract The paper examines the potential impact of a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) agreement with Brazil by looking more closely at the impact of NAFTA upon Mexico. In particular, the paper looks at worker conditions in Mexico, the heavy reliance of Mexico upon maquiladoras and the US economy, the disruptive impact of free trade upon many of Mexico's prime industries (chiefly agriculture) and the implications of free trade for the long-term viability of Mexico's present education system. The paper also explores what the free trade environment has meant for Mexico's fragile ecology.
From the Paper "To start with, it need hardly be said that many first-world countries (of which there is none richer than the United States) trumpet the economic benefits to be derived from open trade between nations. At the same time, opponents of free trade in the developing world decry proposals such as the FTAA as being socially negative and as a means by which first-world, Western nations can consolidate an asymmetric power relationship between themselves and poorer countries. Naturally enough, such opponents also fear the mass-exploitation of natural resources and the implementation of regulatory "red tape" which will constrain internal growth and hobble the ability of languishing nations to join the first rank of economic powers. As one might expect, Mexico is a nation which often springs to mind whenever one contemplates the prospective economic impact of an FTAA arrangement upon Brazil insofar as both nations are relatively resource rich, possess abundant labor pools coveted by foreign multinationals, and have considerable (albeit predominantly latent) intellectual capital which can serve as a boon to themselves and to the outside world if channeled properly. However, the North American Free Trade Agreement has not been kind to Mexico despite its many promising opportunities."
Abstract The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) eliminated, or will eliminate (by 2009), all trade barriers between Canada, Mexico and United States. Not long after NAFTA took effect on January 1, 1994, the Clinton Administration made the extension of that agreement (the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas, or FTAA) its top trade priority. Specifically, President Clinton proposed to expand NAFTA to include all of Central and South America, thus creating a free trade zone that would extend from Alaska's Point Barrow in the north down to Argentina's Tierra del Fuego in the south. The paper argues, however, that such a move is potentially disastrous, as demonstrated by America's five-year experience with NAFTA. This paper argues against the extension because NAFTA has already had a negative impact on the economy, environment and welfare of both the U.S. and Mexico, and those consequences will only be compounded by the FTAA.
From the Paper "By contrast, the areas already hit by the transformation of the American economy suffered even more. Most of the people who lived in these downtrodden regions of Southern California were members of minority groups. They watched helplessly as NAFTA drained more blue-collar jobs away from their already depressed neighborhoods. Those jobs, generally high-paying, had been the ticket to upward mobility for those lacking education or language skills. But companies such as Goodyear, General Motors, and Firestone departed, and the blue-collar opportunities were replaced by minimum wage jobs that offered no hope for escape (O?Connor, 1998, B1)."
This paper is a case study that analyzes the potential expansion of Mauray Worldwide Travel Company (MWT) of Australia into the international tourism market of Brazil.
Abstract This paper explains that the development of advance communication and information processing technology has helped firms link their worldwide operations into sophisticated information networks thus encouraging global expansion of their local business. The author states that Brazil has good economic growth and a stable government, which makes it attractive for Mauray Worldwide Travel Company (MWT) to expand its business into this country. The paper points out that Australia and Brazil have good relations, which enables Australian businesses to more easily become familiar with commercial opportunities and practices in Brazil. The author recommends that MWT enter into the Brazil tourism market through some collaboration, such as lodgings, car rentals, guide services and souvenirs shops, which will lower the risk in terms of high investment. The paper includes several color pictures and graphs.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Australia
Tourism and Australian Economy
Mauray Worldwide Travel Company
Vision
Values
Strategy
Products and Services
Achievements
International Expansion
Brazil Why Brazil: An Overview
Geographical Features
Events
Tourist Places
Doing Business in Brazil Market Research
Business Plan
Influencing Country Factors in Brazil Brazil Economic Climate
Costs and Risks
Political Climate in Brazil Costs and Risks
Social and Cultural System in Brazil Costs and Risks
Legal System in Brazil Costs and Risks
Ethical System in Brazil Costs and Risks
Country Factor Analysis
Strengths for the company in Brazil Weaknesses of Business
Market Opportunities for the company in Brazil Business Threats Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper "Understanding the Brazilian economy is the first challenge to the investors. Brazil is becoming a market where, in the medium term, companies may have to consider establishing a presence and localizing product to be able to compete effectively. It is important to remember that a company will not succeed in Brazil without developing a sound business plan and a longer-term strategy. Foreign investment is generally welcomed and the regulatory environment is friendly. On the one hand, Brazil offers immediate attractions to new market entrants such as a population of some 172 million people..."
