Abstract The 1960s in Brazil were revolutionary times. However, most of this progress halted under a new dictatorship. In 1964, a right wing military coup took control of Brazil, bringing with it an extreme level of censorship of both artists and intellectuals. This paper outlines the effect this dictatorship had on Brazil's contemporary art movement.
From the Paper "At the end of 1968, the Institutional Act #5 was set in place. This act gave the president dictatorial powers, dissolved Congress and state legislatures, suspended the constitution, and imposed censorship. For culture, this meant strict censorship of artistic events, and the persecution and imprisonment of intellectuals and artists. This was a very heavy blow to artists, as they had to watch their steps even more. Soon after Vladimir Herzog, a journalist accused of subversion, was murdered in prison by the military police, Cildo Meireles began creating his "Insertions into Ideological Circuits" in order to create a system for the circulation and exchange of information that did not depend on any kind of centralized control."
Abstract This paper discusses Brazil's socioeconomic structure that was founded on slavery. During the colonial period from 1550 to 1880, rapid growth of the Brazilian economy occurred because of the convergence of several factors. The sugar industry was synonymous with the early economy.
Abstract This paper examines the impact of Spanish and Portuguese colonization on Mesoamerican culture, with an emphasis on conversion of indigenous peoples to Christianity. The author describes the native religion and lifestyle prior to the Europeans' arrival, and the subsequent results of conversion to Christianity, both positive and negative. Also described is the treatment toward the native peoples by the Europeans. The paper is divided into two sections, one describing the Spanish invasion and the other the Portuguese conquest of Brazil. The author concludes that the effort by Portuguese Christians to convert native Brazilians - by force or otherwise - to Christianity was far less successful than tactics used by Spaniards in Mexico.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
The arrival of the Spaniards into Mesoamerican Mexico
Things did not go well for the Spaniards in 1680s and 1690s
Jesuit priest Father Tomas Miranda raged at the cruel treatment of the Seri
Portugal and the Colonization of Brazil Works Cited
From the Paper "And because the Roman Catholic leadership in Spain saw the natives as part of a prophecy, a gift from Lord to enrich their Spanish culture, the Franciscan missionaries, the first priests in Mexico, used "indoctrination" as a term rather than "evangelization." The Spaniards reportedly believed that since God had placed these Native Americans on Mexican soil for the enhancement of Spanish culture and religion, that the natives merely needed the facts of Christianity (Roman Catholicism), not the full litany of evangelization. The Spaniards were wrong, of course, and they found themselves in the midst of a myriad of troubling situations they could not possibly have predicted."
Tags: Christianity, conversion, native, peoples, Mexico, Brazil, Spain, Portugal
Abstract A paper comparing and contrasting the colonization of Brazil, Indonesia and Kenya. Several historical accounts in books are used as well as some journal articles for background information. The paper focuses on the assimilation of the colonists into new lands.
Abstract This paper reviews Stein's book "Vassouras: A Coffee County in Brazil" about the role of slavery in 19th century plantation life. The author points out that the book offers a greater understanding of how plantation owners would go to great lengths to gain wealth, power, and prominence in local society. The paper concludes that slavery played a critical role in the history of production.
From the Paper "S. J. Stein's "Vassouras: A Coffee County in Brazil" is an interesting portrayal of a coffee plantation and its influence on local society. This book explores the Brazilian culture in the 19th Century in greater detail, emphasizing the importance of coffee as a means of social communication and economic potential, as well as the pivotal role of slavery in the plantation society. The primary argument that the book attempts to answer is concerned with the understanding of slave labor and its influence on the activities of a coffee plantation, and that without the most effective operational structure, even in the 19th Century, the coffee plantation would be destined for failure in epic proportions."
Abstract This paper examines the way in which three cultural traditions have come together in Brazil. The author points out that these cultural traditions are Native American, European and African. The paper relates these culture as observed in dance, music, religion and farming practices.
From the Paper "Brazil is one of the most culturally diverse nations in the world, drawing on a large number of traditional cultural sources in order to create its own unique national identity. While there are a number of cultures that come together in Brazil, three major influences have shaped the national identity for the past several hundred years. These influences arise from native populations, Europeans, and Africans. The native tribes were obviously already there when the Europeans arrived, bringing their culture with them. The Europeans brought Africans to Brazil as slaves. Over time, these three groups found their own cultural tropes appropriated and mixed with the others to form new cultural forms in music, dance, religion, and even farming."
Abstract This three page undergraduate paper examines the most common types of protest in Brazil. It discusses land reform, environmental issues and globalization as the three primary issues of social, economic, ecological and political concern. The paper discusses protests over the past few years and what the protesters hoped to achieve.
From the Paper "Researching the most common types of protest in Brazil reveals that land reform, environmental issues, and globalization are the three primary issues of social, economic, ecological, and political concern. The most significant protests over the last few years have been organized and carried out by landless peasants, who have become increasingly assertive in their efforts to force the government to pass land reform legislation. In recent years, landless Brazilian peasants have protested government economic policies regarding land reform and free trade agreements such as NAFTA and CAFTA. According to Comings (2005) twelve-thousand Landless Workers Movement activists marched on the capital last May and "occupied eight ranches during their two-week trek from the city of Goiania." "
This paper is a case study that analyzes the potential expansion of Mauray Worldwide Travel Company (MWT) of Australia into the international tourism market of Brazil.
Abstract This paper explains that the development of advance communication and information processing technology has helped firms link their worldwide operations into sophisticated information networks thus encouraging global expansion of their local business. The author states that Brazil has good economic growth and a stable government, which makes it attractive for Mauray Worldwide Travel Company (MWT) to expand its business into this country. The paper points out that Australia and Brazil have good relations, which enables Australian businesses to more easily become familiar with commercial opportunities and practices in Brazil. The author recommends that MWT enter into the Brazil tourism market through some collaboration, such as lodgings, car rentals, guide services and souvenirs shops, which will lower the risk in terms of high investment. The paper includes several color pictures and graphs.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Australia
Tourism and Australian Economy
Mauray Worldwide Travel Company
Vision
Values
Strategy
Products and Services
Achievements
International Expansion
Brazil Why Brazil: An Overview
Geographical Features
Events
Tourist Places
Doing Business in Brazil Market Research
Business Plan
Influencing Country Factors in Brazil Brazil Economic Climate
Costs and Risks
Political Climate in Brazil Costs and Risks
Social and Cultural System in Brazil Costs and Risks
Legal System in Brazil Costs and Risks
Ethical System in Brazil Costs and Risks
Country Factor Analysis
Strengths for the company in Brazil Weaknesses of Business
Market Opportunities for the company in Brazil Business Threats Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper "Understanding the Brazilian economy is the first challenge to the investors. Brazil is becoming a market where, in the medium term, companies may have to consider establishing a presence and localizing product to be able to compete effectively. It is important to remember that a company will not succeed in Brazil without developing a sound business plan and a longer-term strategy. Foreign investment is generally welcomed and the regulatory environment is friendly. On the one hand, Brazil offers immediate attractions to new market entrants such as a population of some 172 million people..."
Abstract This paper discusses the biofuel developments in Brazil and the many issues surrounding it. It also serves as an introduction to biofuel efficacy and creates a sense of the current epicenter of biofuel use and production. The paper discusses the history of biofuel use in Brazil, the effects it has had on culture and economy, the pros and cons of biofuel, the import and export market effects, cost differentiation, sugar versus corn ethanol, auto technology in Brazil, and provides a discussion of US and other international responses to Brazil's programs.
Outline:
Executive Summary
History of Biofuel in Brazil How Brazil Import Export Market is Effected
History and Policy of bio-diesel in Brazil Affects on Culture and Economy in Brazil Change of Dependence from Fossil Fuel to Biofuel Degree of Success
Environmental Effects
Pros of Biofuel
Cons of Biofuels
Cost of Oil vs. Ethanol
Sugar Ethanol vs. Corn Ethanol
US Response
From the Paper "The cost of oil versus ethanol is debated, as the whole picture is required for an understanding of the cost issue. With fossil fuel derived oil the earth has done the work of people with regard to creating a close to finished product. Though it is also important to note that depending on the feedstock used to create the fuel the cost can vary. Sugar ethanol is subsidized in Brazil, taxed at a lower rate and sold for half the price of traditional fuel, yet this does not completely reflect the cost in total of either. Cost must also be discussed with regards to vehicle changes, Brazil converted the car to met the fuel while most nations are doing the reverse, trying to build a car to run on a particular fuel, a more costly process. "
Abstract Slavery has existed throughout history in many different societies, but it was not until the Atlantic Slave Trade transporting massive numbers of Africans to the newly settled colonies of the Americas, that the institution of slavery took place on such a large scale. Unique to slavery occurring anywhere prior, slavery in the Americas became a key necessity to survival in the New World. This paper shows how the United States and Brazil account for a large part of the population of blacks. In fact, with the exception of the small island countries of the Caribbean, on the two continents of the New World, no other counts as large a number or as large a proportion of blacks in its population as do the United States or Brazil. This paper shows that in both countries, Africans were introduced and held as slaves for most of their histories, and Brazil and the United States were the two largest slave societies of modern times. Labor demands for work on the sugar plantations, cotton fields, tobacco lands, coffee regions and the mining industry in Brazil, and the rice areas, cotton fields and tobacco plantations in the United States (specifically the South) constituted the need for slave labor in both regions. The paper shows that although the institutions of slavery in these two countries had many similarities, there are many distinct characteristics that differ greatly from each other. From the years of slavery, to emancipation and continuing on to the more recent movements toward equality among the black and white races; Brazil and the United States have taken different paths based on the unique circumstances each country has faced.
From the Paper "Although the treatment of slaves in Brazil was harsher than in the United States, manumission, the practice of freeing slaves, occurred more frequently in Brazil. Slaves that were no longer useful to Brazilian masters were often freed to save the expense of caring for them. The relationship between slave and master differed greatly between the two countries. Although Brazil and the United States were both settled by Europeans, the cultural customs of the English (that settled America) and the Portuguese (which settled Brazil) varied eminently from each other. When the Portuguese settled Brazil, there were very few women that accompanied the men. There was a very unbalance ratio of men and women, which led the Portuguese men to have sexual relations with slave women."
Abstract This paper discusses the country of Brazil. Brazil occupies over half of the Southern American continent. Originally, Germans, Italians, and Japanese immigrated to Brazil. The different ethnic groups in this country are diverse. Most people recognize Brazil for their coffee and the Amazon rain forest. The paper shows that Brazil is a country with a lot of diversity in geography, culture, religion, and economy.
From the Paper "When looking at the largest countries in the world, Brazil is the fifth largest county. Brazil occupies over half of the Southern American continent (Brazil Nature and Environment). Originally, Germans, Italians, and Japanese immigrated to Brazil. The different ethnic groups in this country are diverse. Most people recognize Brazil for their coffee and the Amazon rainforest. Brazil is a country with a lot of diversity in geography, culture, religion, and economy. Basic Facts about Brazil While Brazil is the fifth largest country, it is a country that can be divided into four different geographic regions. The population is 176,020,560 (Brazil information). Brazil is considered one of the largest countries with many different ethnic and cultural groups. "The 6275km (3890mi) long Amazon is the world's largest river, and the Amazon forest contains 30% of the world's remaining forest" (Brazil Nature). Five different sub-cultures are found in Brazil."
Abstract Discusses problem of Brazil's persisting high inflation over a long period of time, and large foreign debt. Examaines the current situation of Brazil's unbalanced economy. Brazil's attempts to reduce inflation. Identifies origins of Brazil's economic problem. Government plans and failure to stabilize the economy. Brazilian theory of "intertial" inflation.
From the Paper "TRAPPED IN INEQUALITY?
Persisting Inflation and External Debt in Brazil
Introduction
No other nation has experience so much inflation, persistantly, over a long period as Brazil has. Hyperinflation in other countries has produced astronomical price increases, but hyperinflation is a shortlived process, whereas Brazil's inflation has operated for decades. Brazil also has a long history of high foreign debt, going back to the 1920s, and in the early 1990s Brazil had the world's largest external debt, at a level of about $118 billion."
Abstract Railroads were first constructed in southern Brazil to serve primarily as growing coffee production industry in S?o Paulo state. Railroad growth in the region, however, facilitated the growth and development of other economic activities such as communication and agriculture. In its early stages of development, Brazil's socioeconomic activities were separated. According to the paper, railroads developed in response to the needs of an agrarian economy but served also to support the development of industry in Southern Brazil. The paper argues that the railroad aided in the integration of the economies of the states in southern Brazil.
From the Paper "According to Poppino, because of the economic ascendance of Southern Brazil from the late-nineteenth century through 1920, which was facilitated by railroad development, "the locus of political power shifted permanently to the South, where S?o Paulo became the economic heart of the country, and a new class of industrialists, drawn from immigrants and the land holding elite, competed with plantation owners for prestige and political influence. Railroads, thus, developed in response to the needs of an agrarian economy but served also to support the development of industry in Southern Brazil."
Abstract The paper explores the impact of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) agreement on Brazil. The paper examines NAFTA as a working model and its influence on and benefit for Mexico and their economy. The paper evaluates various trade structures and associations relative to the potential impact of the FTAA for Brazil and South America. The paper explores the benefits and the negatives of a potential FTAA and focuses on several impediments to its further adoption in the region and by Brazil specifically.
Outline:
Introduction
Background of the FTAA
Economic History in South America: Brazil in the Twentieth and Twenty First Centuries
Trade Models
Future of the FTAA
Conclusion
From the Paper "Brazil has long been a highly populated and growing nation within South America. However, it generally has not been recognized for its substantial positioning in the world market or its cultural strength among Latin American people. In the 1990s, however, Brazil began to be recognized as a significant inclusion in the world market because of its collaboration in creating the Mercosur agreement with other South American countries. As Mercosur began to be realized the United States offered the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) with the intention that it would have the same results for Brazil that NAFTA had for both Canada and Mexico."
Tags: Mercosur, economy, trading, bloc, Chavez, globalization, European, Union
Abstract The writer of this paper examines Brazil's economy from the 16th century to the present. This paper focuses on U.S. investment which is concentrated heavily in the transportation equipment, food, chemicals, petroleum distribution and electronic equipment industries. The writer discusses Brazil's various exports including timber, precious metals, sugarcane and coffee. This paper also touches on Brazil's privatization program which was initiated in 1990 to reduce the size of the government and improve public sector fiscal balances.
From the Paper "As of July 1994, Brazil's new currency, the real, is linked to the country's international reserves. In the second area of concern--trade reform-import tariffs were considerably reduced. The average tariff came down from 32 percent in 1990 to 14 percent as of July 1993, and the maximum tariff was brought down from 105 percent to 35 percent. Moreover, all quantitative restrictions to trade were eliminated, making Brazil one of the very few countries in the world with no quantitative barriers to imports."
