Abstract
In this article the writer notes that the brain stem is responsible for major vital life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure. The writer points out that the location of the brain stem leaves it easily accessible to serious injury, which can result in cognition, emotional, and behavioral impairments. The rationale of such injuries can increase and decrease depending on which situations an individual places themselves into. The writer discusses that the treatment options that are available for brain stem injuries and diseases are very remarkable and the research being done on the subject are even more astonishing.

From the Paper
" Each individual's brain is the center of your nervous system. It is completed by over hundred billion nerve cells and every cell is linked to approximately ten thousand others. So the full amount number of associates in your brain is about one thousand trillion. The nervous system is a set of connections of units called neurons which conveys information in the assortment of electrical indicators. Your brain has roughly a hundred billion neurons and all corresponds with thousands more. Neurons converse with each other at particular intersections wherever substance aid to link the opening among one neuron and the next. Nerve inclinations are a means of ciphering information, in a comparable technique to FM radio, permitting information to be conveyed equally rapidly and correctly. Every inclination is the similar amount so it is the occurrence that transmits information concerning the strength of the indication. "

Tags:cancer, functions, nervous, system, injuries

Abstract
This paper summarizes a journal article on stem cell research. The article explores attitudes toward stem cell research and the use of fetal tissue. The author of this paper argues that benefits of stem cell research outweigh the dangers.

From the Paper
"A collaborative volume of articles and information on stem cells was published by the Financial Times and Scientific American. The editors present information on the current and future state of stem cell research technology..."

Tags:pluripotent embryonic stem cells, cancer, diabetes, Parkinson?s, Alzheimer?s, funding, brain drain, federal restrictions, Bush, law, religion, morals, ethics

Abstract
The paper discusses stem cells in human development, a specialized topic in developmental biology, focusing on potential cures for fetal malformations, via stem cell therapies and stem cells characteristics in general. The paper notes that the most promising use of stem cells is their ability to serve as a potential source of replacement cells to treat numerous diseases, such as Parkinson''s disease, Alzheimer's disease, ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), cancer, and heart disease. The paper further notes that any disease in which there is tissue degeneration can be a potential candidate for stem cell therapies, including spinal cord injury, stroke, burns, heart disease, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, muscular dystrophy and liver disease. The paper includes photographs.

Outline:
Abstract
What are Stem Cells?
Types of Stem Cells
Embryonic Germ Layers From Which Differentiated Tissues Develop,
Mechanisms of Action:
Characteristics and Potential Uses
Hematopoietic and Stromal Stem Cell Differentiation
Human Embryonic Germ Cells
Human Adult Stem Cells
Summary of Animal Experiments
Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Bovine Embryonic Stem Cells' Studies
Primate Embryonic Stem Cells' Studies
Miscellaneous Animal Studies
Migration of Transplanted Human Cells
Survival of hCNS-derived neurospheres in the ischemic brain.
In Utero Stem Cell Therapy - Stem Cell Transplantation in the Fetus
Ontogeny of Hematopoiesis in Humans
In Utero Stem Cell Therapy in the Mouse
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Embryonic stem cells are difficult to control, as they behave in an unstable manner resulting in unexpected results as they divide, or even cancerous growths. They are indeed more difficult to maintain and expand in culture (Van Blerkom, 1994). ES differ substantially from the stem cells found within the fully developed adult where they can be totally quiescent. Human ES cells may cause an immune reaction when transplanted into people, which means cells used in treatment may be rapidly destroyed unless they are protected by giving medication to suppress the immune system. It appears though that if stem cells were someday to be used for the treatment of disease, there would be greater advantage in using ES cells. "

Tags:reproducing, variation, multiple, tissue, types, researchers, embryonic

Abstract
This paper examines feminism in respect to the gender differences exhibited within the human brain. The assumption is that feminism could stem from the existing gender differences, but that to make such an assumption would negatively impact feminism itself.

Abstract
The paper relates that Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a disease which progresses rapidly, is always fatal, and has an uncertain pathogenesis (Mitchell and Borasio 2031). The paper relates that the cause of ALS remains unknown, and ALS is a neurological disease which attacks the neurons or nerve cells that ultimately control voluntary muscles. The paper explains that because the gradual degeneration and death of motor neurons are involved, ALS is part of a category of disorders known as neuron motor diseases. The paper further explains that motor neurons are nerve cells found in the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord which serve as controlling units and crucial communication links between the nervous system and the voluntary muscles.

From the Paper
"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a disease which progresses rapidly, is always fatal, and has an uncertain pathogenesis (Mitchell & Borasio 2031). The cause of ALS remains unknown. ALS is a neurological disease which attacks the neurons or nerve cells that ultimately control voluntary muscles. Because the gradual degeneration and death of motor neurons are involved, ALS is part of a category of disorders known as neuron motor diseases. Motor neurons are nerve cells found in the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord which serve as..."

Tags:als, symptoms, treatment

Abstract
Provides an examination of the disease, which is characterized by a central pathology of degeneration of spinal cord and brain stem and damage to higher motor centers. Discusses acoustics and speech perception in ALS.

From the Paper
"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neuromuscular disease involving the bulbar musculature at onset in about 25 percent of all cases (Riddel &..."

Abstract
This paper examines the arguments for and against the various philosophical understandings of the composition of human beings and whether or not consciousness exists. It looks at how the question of how to consolidate an understanding of our (physical self) body with our (immaterial self) soul is not a new discussion and how an understanding of how these aspects of our humanity interact fuels our belief system and our worldview, about subjects as diverse as life after death, stem cell research, the value of therapy for the brain injured and whether or not to pull the plug on an individual in a coma.

From the Paper
"The study of consciousness has become more popular recently. Its interdisciplinary focus further highlights the problem of definitions since, for example, a psychologist, a physicist and a philosopher would not use the word in the same way. Beichler defines consciousness as the "growing 'entanglement' or awareness of 'life,' 'mind' and the interconnections of all things in the universe via the fifth dimension" (p. 110). Physicists would argue that for consciousness to exist something must be alive, meaning that it is first necessary to determine whether something is alive or not. It is also important to consider whether this living thing has "self-motivation". I agree with Beichler when he suggests that while we detect our world in three or four dimensions there could in fact be more, within which an understanding of consciousness and intuition could be found. "

Tags:self, belief, system, life

Abstract
The writer of this article notes that in 'Why Men Don't Listen and Women Can't Read Maps', Barbara Pease and Allan Pease contend that these commonly observed social idiosyncrasies actually stem from profound differences between the sexes going as deep as brain chemistry. The writer points out that despite the obvious humor in their title, Pease and Pease have a serious message: men and women are different, in very regular ways. The writer notes that most men have a much better spatial orientation than women. They can translate the abstract lines and symbols on a map into a clear understanding of where they are going. By contrast, the writer points out that women are oriented to multi-dimensional cues such as landmarks that men often overlook. The writer concludes that while this book is intended for the general reading public rather than being a narrowly scientific treatise, there is a good deal of information, and the humor involved makes it a highly readable, genuinely enjoyable study.

From the Paper
"On the other hand, women's approach to language is indirect and based on suggestion rather than the blunt, yes-and-no style that men favor. Unfortunately, because most individuals assume that their own communication style is consistent with what everyone else does, men and women often fail to communicate.
"Pease and Pease begin by addressing a difficult issues they must confront, the conflict between their research and current social movements. They state bluntly that they are addressing issues of science, not social or political questions."

Tags:communication, chemistry, vision, speech

Abstract
This paper explains that a computer science phenomenon called neural networks, similar to the part of the brain, consist of ways to connect information to produce output that is consistent with the processes. The author points out that recent interest in neural models stems primarily from its nonlinear models that can be trained to map past and future values of the input-output relationship, thus extracting relationships between the data that were not obvious using other analytical tools. The paper stresses that, unlike conventional computers, neural networks have the unique capability of learning. The author relates that the fact that neural networks are trained without the restriction of a model to derive parameters and discover relationships, driven and shaped solely by the nature of the data, has profound implications and applicability to the finance field. The paper includes equations.

Table of Contents:
What are Neural Networks?
Figure 1: Neural Networking and Similarities with the Workings of the Human Brain
The History of Neural Networks
Figure 2: Multilayered Neural Network Model adapted from Stergiou and Siganos
Why Use Neural Networks?
Neural Networks Versus Conventional Computers
Figure 2a: Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network
Neural Networks in Finance
Time Series Analysis
Figure 3: Stock Market Data from the New York Stock Exchange for Newmont Mining: Random Walk?
Stock Market Analysis
Capital Budgeting and Risk
Figure 4: General Modeling of Neural Networks for Financial Capital Markets (Inclusive of Capital Budgeting and Risk Analysis)
Financial Forecasting
The Future of Neural Networks: A Critical Review

From the Paper
"Capital budgeting is one of the most important functions of financial management. It encompasses a process of planning expenditures on assets whose cash flows are expected to extend beyond one year. A company with growth rates and profit margins such as that are dictated by capital expenditure and investment cannot afford to ignore the importance of capital budgeting. Erroneous forecasts of asset requirements can have serious consequences, Therefore there is always a need for complex and accurate models to dictate the relationship between variables."

Tags:time, learning, forecast, stocks, processes

Abstract
This paper explains that Gacy began his murders of young men in 1972; in December, 1978, police found 33 victims. In March 1980, Gacy was found guilty of all of the murders, and on May 10, 1994, Gacy was executed by lethal injection. The author points out that, throughout Gacy's life, he had been evaluated by psychiatrists and doctors who came up with the same conclusion: Gacy had antisocial personality disorder, was obsessive compulsive, had abused both alcohol and drugs, and had a sexual identity crisis possibly stemming from his abusive childhood, and possibly from a childhood injury to his brain. The paper states concern about the "very sloppy" police work related to this case, which began with a charge against Gacy of attempted rape of a young man in 1971.

From the Paper
"Gacy would eventually marry and settle down in Waterloo, Iowa in 1966. Two years later in May of 1968, he was being held on charges of coercing a young employee into homosexual acts, which spanned a period of months. He was sentenced to ten years in prison, however he proved himself a model prisoner and was released after only 18 months. While in prison his wife divorced him. After being paroled he moved back to Chicago. He eventually would remarry in May of 1971 and moved into a house. He quickly started up his own construction business. It appeared as though Gacy only hired young boys to work for him. He started bringing boys to his home, and would sometimes spend hours with them in the garage. Gacy told his second wife in 1972 that he was bisexual; however she was convinced that he was homosexual, and subsequently divorced him."

Tags:homosexual, sadistic, father, abuse, police, antisocial